biochem chapter 6-12 Mcat

What are the transporters in which glucose enters and which are important for regulation

GLUT1-4. GLUT2&4

talk about GLUT2 where is it found what does it work with

• liver and pancreatic b cell.

• works with glucokinase

• tells insulin to be relased (insulin trigger)

talk about glut 4 where is it found, depended with what

• muscle and adipose cell

• insulin tells it to be released

• (the insulin responder)

if you have low insulin what happened to the number of glut 4

decreases (endocytosis)

if you have more insulin what happens to the amount of glut 4

increases exocytosis

what is the whole point of glycolysis

• glucose → 2 pyruvate

• 2 substrate level phosphorylation 1 oxidation reaction

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasma

what are the steps intermediates in glycolysis

• goodness - glucose

• gracious - glucose 6 phosphate

• father - fructose 6 phosphate

• franklin - fructose 1,6 phosphate

• did go -DHAP, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P)

• by 1,3 biphophosphoglycerate 1,3BG

• picking 3-phosphoglycerate 3PG

• pumpkins 2 phosphoglycerate 2PG

• to

• prepare Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

• pies pyruvate

10 steps

the 10 enzymes of the glycolysis steps

• hungry - hexokinase

• peter - phosphoglycose isomerase

• pan - phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)

• and - aldolase

• the -triose phosphate isomerase

• growling - GAP de hydrogenase

• pink - phosphoglycerate kinase

• panther - phosphoglycerate mutase

• eat - enolase

• pies - pyruvate kinase

what are the irreversible steps enzymes in glycolysis

• he - hexokinase

• grabs - glucokinase

• peoples family - PFK-1

• photos - pyruvate kinase

• anything with kinase

what are the end products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, net gain 2 ATP (4 total) and 2 NADH

hexokinase inhibited by …

inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate

where is it found glucokinase

liver and pancrease

same as hexokinase

phosphofructinase PFK-1 or 2 stimulated and inhibited by what

PKF-1 inhibited by ATP citrate activated by AMP

PFK-2 inhibited by glucagon and AMP activated

glyceraldehyde 2 phosphate dephydrogenase

what does it make and what type of reaction

• oxidation and phorylates

  • makes NADH by reducing NAD

3 phosophoglycerate kinase

• phosphoylation

  • source of ATP in Anaerobic glycolysis

pyruvate kinase

makes atp

galactose metabolism

• good - galactose, galactokinase

• girls - galactose-1-p GALT

• get - glucose 1-p phosphoglucomutase

• un - UDP gal (epimerase) at c4

• happy - glucose 6 p (ready for glucolysise)

what is net yeild for galactose metabolism

same as glycolysis

kinase reactions are reversible?

no

fructose metabolism

• fat - fructose (fructose kinase)

• friends - fructose-1-p (aldolase)

• get - glyceraldehyde and DHAP (triose kinase)

• fat - glyceraldehyde-3 (aldolase)

• glucose

fructose net yeild q

same as glycolysis

pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and where

• pyruvate NAD coenzyme A

• makes - 2 acetyl co A 2NADH

• mitochondria

what is pyruvate dehydrogenase stimulated and inhibited

insulin and calcium stoped by acetyl co A

where does glycogensis and glycogenolysis occur

liver and muscle in cytoplasm

rate limiting for glycolysis

PFK-1

rate limiting for PDH

PDH

rate limiting for fructose metabolsim

aldolase b

rate limiting for galactose

GALT galactose 1 phsophse uridltansferase

glycogenesis steps

• good - glucose

• glucoses - glucose 6 phosphate (hexokinase)

• people - glucose 1- phosphate (phosphoglycomutase)

• always - activated glucose (UDP)-glucose

• start - glycogen synthase (makes linear a1-4)

• building- glycogen branching ( makes a1,6 branching )

• glycogen

rate limitihing for glycogensis

glycogen synthase

during fasting the liver maintains glucose by what

glycogenolysis then glyconeogenesis

what fats can only make glucose

odd chain fatty acid

gluconeogensis steps

• please - pyruvate

• open - oxalacetic acid

• paper - pep phosphoenolpyruvate

• for - fructose 1,6 biphosphate

• frusturated fructose 6 phosphate

• graduate glucose 6 phsophate

glyconeogenisis enzyme FIZ THIS

peter- pyruvate carboxylase (mito- activate acetyl-coA)

pan - pep carboxykinase (induced glucagon and cortisol cyto)

eats - fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (activate ATP cyto )

many - glucose-6-phosphotase (ER lumen)

pies - phosphoglycerate

what is the rate limiting for gluconeogensis

fructose 1,6 diphosphotase

pentose phosphate pathway

• in cyto

• produce NADPH for synth of ribose-5 phosphate for nucleotide sequence

• gross - glucose 6 phosphate

• guys - 6 phosphogluconate

• read - ribulose 5 phosphate

• ribbon - ribose 5 phosphate

• for - fructose 6 phosphate

• glycolysis - glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

first three oxidative (irreversible)

the rest is nonoxidative (reversible)

NAD+ works as a

electron acceptor

NADPH works as a

electron donor

what is NADPH used for

biosynthesis of fatty acid cholestrol

white blood cells production

maintenance of glutathione to protect against reactive oxygen species

enzymes for pentose pathway

• great - glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (rate limiting)

• ladies - lactonase

• take - transketolase

• action - transadolase

what are the products for the pentose pathway

2 NADPH

ribose 5 phosphate

1 co2

what are the core enzymes in PDH

• pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)

  • need thiamine (TPP

  • decarboxylates pyruvate (release CO2)

• dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)

  • uses lioic acid and CoA

  • transfers two carbon acetyl to CoA to make acetyl co A

• dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)

  • uses FAD and NAD+

  • regenerates oxidized lipoic acid and produces NADH

what are the pathways for acetyl coA

• fatty acid B oxidation

  • carnitine, activated in cytosol and then in mitochondria

• ketogenic amino acids

  • loss of amino acid yield ketone or acetyl co A

• ketone bodies

  • converted back to acetyl Co A in peripheral

• Alcohol metabolism

  • ethanol to acetyl coA makes excess NADH

where does the citric acid cycle take place and what is its main purpose what do you need inorder to start

• mitochondria

• oxidizes carbon to generate NADH and FADH2 and GTP

• acetyl Co a

what are the steps in citric acid cycle

• Can - citriate

• I - isocitrate

• keep - a ketoglutarate (rate lim)

• selling - succinyl co a

• sex - succinate

• for -fumarate

• money -maltate

• officer - oxoacetate

• first three irrever

what are the enzymes for the citrate cycle

• can - citrate synthase (controlled)

• an - aconitase

• intelligent - isocitrate dehydrogenase (controlled)

• kid - a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (controlled

• start - succinyl co a synthase

• studying - succinate dehydrogenase

• for - fumarase

• medicine - maltate dehydrogenase

citrate synthase is regulated by what

negative feedback from ATP NADH succinyl co a, citrate

in the citrate cycle what are the inhibitors and activators

atp NADH inhib, adp nad activate

tell me where the first second and third NADH are produced in the citric cystem

• isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate, maltate dehydrogenase

what generates gtp in citrate cycle

succinyl co a

pyrucate dehydrogenase phosphotase is stimulated by what

insulin ca

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is stimulated by

acetyl Co a NADH

energy yield for citric acid cycle

w

what is known as the final stage of aerobic respiration and what does it use

electron transport chain

uses NADH FADH2 to make ATP by oxidative phosphoylation

where does etc occur

inner mitochondrial bc high surface area

what ist he final electron acceptor in atc

oxygen reduces to water

steps of etc

complex 1 - NADH dehydrogenase (NADH → NAD+) makes 4 H

complex 2- succinate dehydrogenase (FADH2 → FAD)

Co enzyme q (ubiquinone) - electron carrier between 1 and 2

complex 3 - cytochrome b1 complex (transfer electron from CoQ to cytochorme c (4H)

cytochrome c - chutter from III to IV

complex 4 - cytochrome c oxidase - transfer electrom from O2 to make H2O (2H)

complex 5 - ATP synthase uses protein gradient to make ATP flows H+ to the matrix

where to the protons travel in etc

• proton go outside matric to intermembrane space

• ATP foes inside the matrix

what are the ultimate final step of the ETC

• NADH shuttle bc it cannot corss inner mitochondrial aline

• glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

  • NADH gives electron to DHAP makes G3P. the electrons are given to form FADH2

• maltate aspartate shuttle

  • NADH gives electron to OAA to make maltate. maltate gives it to NAD and makes NADH. maltate turns back to OAA then aspartate to go to cytosol

what is Fo in etc

allows proton to leave cell

what is f1 in etc

turns adp into ATP