MLAB 173: UNIT 4 Histology and Cytology
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91 Terms
Q: What is histology?
A: Study of the structure and function of cells and organ systems.
Q: What is pathology?
A: Study of disease~caused alterations.
Q: What is histopathology?
A: Study of diseased tissue.
Q: What is histochemistry?
A: Locating substances using chemical reactions.
Q: What is cytology?
A: Study of individual cells.
Q: What is the purpose of histopathological technique?
A: Preparing tissue for microscopic examination by a pathologist.
Q: What are the main purposes of laboratory examination in histology?
A: Diagnose disease, establish prognosis, monitor treatment, and perform forensic/autopsy investigations.
Q: What is an autopsy specimen?
A: Post
Q: What types of specimens are considered surgical tissue?
A: Organs, partial organs, amputations, tumors, or cysts.
Q: What does D&C stand for?
A: Dilation and Curettage.
Q: What is a biopsy?
A: Small tissue sample collected for examination.
Q: What does POC stand for?
A: Products of Conception.
Q: What is the first step in the specimen pathway?
A: Collection.
Q: What follows collection in the specimen pathway?
A: Transport.
Q: What follows transport in the specimen pathway?
A: Accessioning.
Q: What follows accessioning in the specimen pathway?
A: Technical preparation.
Q: What is the final step of the specimen pathway?
A: Pathologist review and diagnosis.
Q: What are the MLA's responsibilities during accessioning?
A: Assign a unique lab number, match requisition with specimen label, and ensure the correct fixative is used.
Q: What is the recommended fixative volume?
A: 10~20 times the specimen volume.
Q: How long should large specimens remain in fixative?
A: 18~24 hours.
Q: How should tissue be stored before fixation is complete?
A: Refrigerated.
Q: What does fixation prevent?
A: Autolysis and decomposition.
Q: What physical change does fixation produce?
A: Hardens tissue for easier cutting.
Q: What chemical effect does fixation have?
A: Denatures proteins and acts as a mordant for staining.
Q: What happens during gross examination?
A: The specimen is described by the pathologist or PA and sliced into cassettes.
Q: What is the MLA's role during gross examination?
A: Labeling and organizing cassettes.
Q: What is the purpose of dehydration?
A: Remove water from tissue.
Q: What reagent is used for dehydration?
A: Ascending ethanol (70~100%).
Q: What is the purpose of clearing?
A: Remove alcohol and prepare tissue for wax.
Q: What reagent is most commonly used for clearing?
A: Xylene.
Q: What is the purpose of infiltration?
A: Replace clearing agent with molten paraffin.
Q: At what temperature is paraffin used during infiltration?
A: 56~60°C.
Q: What is embedding?
A: Placing tissue in paraffin to create a solid block.
Q: Why is tissue orientation important during embedding?
A: Correct orientation ensures proper sectioning.
Q: What is microtomy?
A: Cutting ultra
Q: How thick are routine tissue sections?
A: 3~5 microns.
Q: What is the purpose of the water bath?
A: Flatten tissue sections before mounting.
Q: What temperature should the water bath be?
A: 40~45°C.
Q: What does hematoxylin stain?
A: Nuclei.
Q: What color does hematoxylin produce?
A: Blue or purple.
Q: What does eosin stain?
A: Cytoplasm and red blood cells.
Q: What color does eosin produce?
A: Pink or red.
Q: What are special stains used for?
A: Detect specific substances such as acid
Q: Which special stain is commonly used for iron?
A: Prussian Blue.
Q: What is the focus of cytology?
A: Individual cells.
Q: What specimens are commonly examined in cytology?
A: Pap smears, FNA, CSF, urine, and other body fluids.
Q: What fixative is commonly used in cytology?
A: 95% ethanol.
Q: Why is 95% ethanol used in cytology?
A: Prevents air
Q: What stain is commonly used in cytology?
A: Papanicolaou (Pap) stain.
Q: What MLA responsibilities relate to histology safety?
A: Accessioning, monitoring paraffin temperature, changing reagents and filters, maintaining safety labels.
Q: What PPE should be worn when working in histology?
A: Gloves and lab coat.
Q: When should a fume hood be used?
A: When handling volatile chemicals.
Q: Which chemicals require special care?
A: Formalin and xylene.
Q: When is decalcification performed?
A: After fixation.
Q: Which specimens require decalcification?
A: Bone, bone marrow, and calcified tissues.
Q: What is removed during decalcification?
A: Calcium.
Q: Why must tissue be washed after decalcification?
A: To remove acid and prevent tissue distortion.
Q: What are the three methods used to determine the endpoint of decalcification?
A: Physical, chemical, and X~ray.
Q: Which endpoint method is most accurate?
A: X
Q: What are frozen sections used for?
A: Rapid intraoperative diagnosis.
Q: What instrument is used for frozen sections?
A: Cryostat.
Q: What compound is commonly used during frozen sections?
A: OCT compound.
Q: What is the gold standard tissue fixative?
A: 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF).
Q: What is 10% NBF composed of?
A: 4% formaldehyde with buffer salts.
Q: What are advantages of 10% NBF?
A: Good penetration, long~term storage, and excellent preservation.
Q: What are hazards of formalin?
A: Carcinogen, irritant, burns eyes and mucous membranes, contact dermatitis.
Q: What is the purpose of alcohol during tissue processing?
A: Dehydration.
Q: What is the purpose of xylene?
A: Clearing agent between alcohol and paraffin.
Q: What is the purpose of paraffin wax?
A: Infiltration medium that solidifies for sectioning.
Q: What causes cracked or broken tissue sections?
A: Processing errors or poor microtomy technique.
Q: What causes folds or wrinkles in tissue sections?
A: Water bath too cold or poor technique.
Q: What is coverslipping?
A: Applying a glass coverslip with mounting medium to protect tissue.
Q: What property should mounting medium have?
A: Same refractive index as glass.
Q: Why are slides and tissue blocks retained?
A: Legal and medical records.
Q: What is the correct order of tissue processing?
A: Dehydration → Clearing → Infiltration.
Q: Which reagent is used during dehydration?
A: Ethanol.
Q: Which reagent is used during clearing?
A: Xylene.
Q: Which material is used during infiltration?
A: Paraffin wax.
Q: What is the main focus of histology?
A: Tissue architecture.
Q: What is the main focus of cytology?
A: Individual cells.
Q: Which fixative is used in histology?
A: 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin.
Q: Which fixative is used in cytology?
A: 95% Ethanol.
Q: Which stain is routine for histology?
A: H&E.
Q: Which stain is routine for cytology?
A: Papanicolaou stain.
Q: Which safety feature should always be used on a microtome?
A: Lock the handwheel and engage the blade guard.
Q: Why are stains filtered daily?
A: To prevent floaters and cross~contamination.
Q: What is the memory trick for tissue processing?
A: D~C~I = Dehydration → Clearing → Infiltration.
Q: What is the memory trick for H&E staining?
A: H = Blue nuclei; E = Pink cytoplasm.
Q: What is the memory trick for frozen sections?
A: Cryostat + OCT = Rapid diagnosis.
Q: What is the memory trick for decalcification?
A: Fix first, acid second.
Q: What is the memory trick for embedding?
A: Orientation is everything.