NRG 108 - WEEK 5 and 6 QUIZ

Google developed a software to compile, store and search medical records and that both companies had signed a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) agreement.

PROJECT NIGHTINGALE

_____ is an online platform hosting deals and packages for DNA tests, essentially trivializing your genetic material into something of a party game, or conversation starter

Helix

using algorithms to find patterns in employment data and the results of games and tests to determine the best candidates to fill their positions.

AI or “DEEP LEARNING”

There are already Americans being sentenced with the help of a mysterious algorithm.

SENTENCING SOFTWARE

is a program sold by Northpointe, Inc. and marketed as a means to guide courts in their sentencing.

COMPAS

lack ethical editorial practices such as peer review and have such low publishing standards that they’ll publish just about anything for a price.

PREDATORY JOURNALS

* “skin tech”
* Beauty devices such as LED masks, electronic face scrubbers and micro-needlers, facial massagers, smart mirrors, skincare cameras, and handheld machines that deliver a microcurrent to your skin are just some of the at-home skin tech that people are investing

THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE

10 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY

1. helix and DNA tests
2. the robot priest
3. emotion-sensing facial recognition
4. ransomware
5. the textalyzer
6. AI or “deep learning”
7. sentencing software
8. predatory journal
9. the pseudoscience of skincare
10. project nightingale

one of the largest private healthcare systems in the United States, ranking second in the United States by number of hospital

Ascension

able to perform blessings in various languages, challenging the traditions of the traditional church with a human priest

The Robot Priest

the first robot priest and monk

* BlessU-2 and
* Pepper

* Optimizing retail experiences by assessing your reactions
* For medical use, it applies to dispense medication based on facial scan (biometric scanning).

Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition

_____ is like a virus. It allows hackers to seize control of your computer or device and lock you out, while threatening to steal or delete your important files.

Ransomware

A new tool in the battle against texting and driving that tells cops if you were on your phone before an accident

The Textalyzer

The use technology to enhance their daily operations, be it business, learning, construction, or therapeutic activities

CURRENT TECHNOLOGY:

A digital app store designed to help you read your genome.

Helix and DNA Tests

a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that arise from research with human subjects

BELMONT REPORT

(BELMONT REPORT) This report consists of 3 principles:

* beneficence,
* justice, and
* respect for persons.

Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a person performs in order to acquire or create, store, organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles and responsibilities.

PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

During World War II, Nazi doctors conducted as many as 30 different types of experiments on Auschwitz concentration-camp inmates. They performed these studies without the consent of the victims, who suffered indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, or in many cases death as a result.

The Experiments:

When World War II ended in 1945, the victorious Allied powers enacted the International Military Tribunal on November 19th, 1945. The first trial conducted under the Nuremberg Military Tribunals in 1947 became known as The Doctors’ Trial, in which 23 physicians from the German Nazi Party were tried for crimes against humanity for the atrocious experiments they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war.

The Trial:

Of the 23 defendants, 16 were found guilty, of which seven received death sentences and nine received prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment. The other 7 defendants were acquitted.

The Verdict:

aimed to protect human subjects from enduring the kind of cruelty and exploitation the prisoners endured at concentration camps.

The Nuremberge Code

THE 10 ELEMENTS OF THE NUREMBERGE CODE

1. Voluntary consent is essential
2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society
3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal experimentation
4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental suffering and injury
5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause death/disability
6. The risks should never exceed the benefits
7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects
8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists
9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time
10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur.

who is your instructor for NRG 109 BIOETHICS?

LOREIYNE GRACE M. ABALLE RN, MAN

is a formal statement developed by the World Medical Association that provides ethical guidelines that physicians and other medical research participants should adhere to when conducting research that uses human subjects

Declaration of Helsinki

Every precaution must be taken to protect the privacy of research subjects and the confidentiality of their personal information.

Privacy and Confidentiality:

Participation by individuals capable of giving informed consent as subjects in medical research must be voluntary

Informed Consent:

CODE OF ETHICS

* Article 1: Preamble (section 1-3)
* Article 2: Registered Nurses & People (section 4-5)
* Article 3: Registered Nurses & Practice (section 6-10)
* Article 4: Registered Nurses & Co-Worker (section 11-12)
* Article 5: Registered Nurses, Society and Environment (section 13-14)
* Article 6: Registered Nurses & The Profession (section 15-16)
* Article 7: Administrative Penalties, Reappealing Clause and Effectivity (section 17-19)

SECTION 1 (COE OF ETHICS)

HEALTH IS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL

Ten allocation principles for scarce medical resources:

1. ‘sickest first’,
2. ‘waiting list’,
3. ‘prognosis’,
4. ‘behavior
5. ‘instrumental value’
6. ‘combination of criteria’
7. ‘combination of criteria
8. ‘reciprocity’
9. ‘youngest first’, ‘lottery’, and
10. ‘monetary contribution’.

DNR sometimes referred as?

Passive Euthanasia

SPERM SOURCE

Anonymous & Non-anonymous sperm donations

“Data Privacy Act of 2012”

Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10173

An attempt to reproduce while simultaneously rendering reproduction __not an act of personal union but a technological procedure.__

ISSUES: Artificial insemination by donor (AID)

information identifiable to any person, including, but not limited to, information that relates to a person’s name, health, finances, education, business, use or receipt of governmental services or other activities, addresses, telephone numbers, social security numbers, driver license numbers, other identifying numbers, and any financial identifiers.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Stated in the nurses’ code of ethic:

_______ includes the patient’s right to maintain control over his life; this extends to the right to maintain control over personal information (the right to privacy & confidentiality)

AUTONOMY

refers to one’s faithfulness to agreements that one has accepted

Fidelity

ignored not only the moral integrity of the couple, but the rights of the child

Artificial Insemination (AID)

the __capacity to observe and make sense or meaning__ is central to one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action

Principle of moral discernment: MORAL DISCERNMENT

fertilization occurs in?

fallopian tube

eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low of body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

became the first country to allow so-called three-person IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization) for women with mitochondrial disease

United Kingdom (UK)

DICERNMENT PROCESS: A FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL DECERNMENT

OBSERVE:


1. Identify the Problem
2. Acknowledge feelings
3. Gather the facts

DELIBERATE


4. Consider alternatives
5. Examine Values
6. Evaluate Alternatives

ACT


8. Articulate the Decision
9. Implement the plan

FOUR (4) PRINCIPLE OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/JUDGEMENT

1. Principle of Formal Cooperation
2. Principle of Material Cooperation
3. Principle of Lesser Evil
4. Principle of Double Effect

it occurs when someone intentionally helps another person carry out a sinful act.

Principle of Formal Cooperation

when a person's actions unintentionally help another person do something wrong.

Principle of Material Cooperation

The principle that when faced with selecting from two immoral options, the one which is least immoral should be chosen.

Principle of Lesser Evil

This principle aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that the action will also bring about bad results.

Principle of Double Effect

* Also known as mercy killing, and assisted suicide
* Deliberately bringing about the death of a person who’s suffering from an incurable disease or condition, either actively or passively

EUTHANASIA

the creation and gestation of a human baby outside the maternal womb

ECTOGENESIS

the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of good and evil, whether our judgment be correct or incorrect

Conscience

* indicates that people are obligated to inform themselves about ethical norms, incorporate that knowledge into their daily lives, act according to that knowledge, and take responsibility for those actions.


* applies to all our actions including those directed to health care

PRINCIPLE OF WELL – FORMED CONSCIENCE

To attain the true goals of human life, all persons are morally obliged in every free decision involving an ethical question to:

1. Inform themselves as adequately as possible about the relevant facts and ethical norms
2. Form a morally certain judgement of conscience on the basis of this information
3. Act according to this well-informed conscience
4. Accept responsibility for their own actions

He who developed a model for ethical decision making incorporating the nursing process and principles of biomedical ethics.

CRISHAM (1985)

This is a model especially useful in clarifying ethical problems that result from conflicting obligations.

THE MORAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL

THE MORAL-DECISION-MAKING MODEL means?

* M - massage the dilemma:
* O - outline options:
* R - review criteria and resolve:
* A - affirm position and act:
* L - look back:

Collect data about the ethical problem and who should be involved in the decision-making process.

M - massage the dilemma:

Identify alternatives, and analyze the causes and consequences of each.

O - outline options:

Weigh the options against the values of those involved in the decision. This may be done through a weighting or grid.

R - review criteria and resolve:

Develop the implementation strategy.

A - affirm position and act:

Evaluate the decision making.

L - look back:

a term for the developing human being during the first 8 weeks after fertilization

EMBRYO

________ consolidated the list of reasoning strategies to a set of seven distinct cognitive reasoning strategies

Mumford and colleagues

Seven distinct cognitive reasoning strategies:

1. recognizing personal circumstances
2. anticipating consequences
3. consider others perspective
4. seeking help
5. questioning your own judgement
6. dealing with emotions, and
7. examining personal values

EXPANDED DEFINITIONS OF COGNITIVE REASONING STRATEGIES RELEVANT FOR ETHICAL DECISION - MAKING

1. recognizing your circumstances
2. seeking outside help
3. Questioning own and others’ judgements
4. dealing with emotions
5. Anticipating consequences of actions
6. Analyzing personal motivations
7. Considering the effects of actions on others

Thinking about origins, individuals involved, and relevant principles, goals & value; considering one’s own role in causing and/or resoling the problem.

Recognizing your circumstances

Talking with a supervisor, peer, or institutional resource, or learning from others’ behaviors in similar situations

Seeking outside help

Considering problems that people often have with making ethical decisions, remembering that decisions are seldom perfect

Questioning your own and others’ judgment

Assessing and regulating emotional reactions to the situation

Dealing with emotions

Thinking about many possible outcomes such as consequences for others, short & long term outcomes based upon possible decisions alternatives

Anticipating consequences of actions

Considering one’s own biases, effects one’s values and goals, how to explain/justify one’s actions to others, & questioning ability to make ethical decisions

Analyzing personal motivations

Being mindful of others’ perceptions, concerns, and the impact of your actions on others, socially and professionally

Considering the effects of actions on others

outside the human uterus

In-Vitro

giving people the freedom to choose their children in this way could lead to further ethical problems

SEX SELECTION

EUTHANASIA – PRO

* Beneficence:
* Rights-based argument:

should allow people to die in dignity and without pain

Beneficence (Euthanasia - pro)

our bodies are our own, and we should be allowed to do what we want with them

Rights-based argument (Euthanasia - pro)

Violates the principle of inseparability and has been explicitly rejected by the church

ISSUES: Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH)

EUTHANASIA – CONS

* The sanctity of life:
* Euthanasia as murder:
* The role of palliative care
* The rights of vulnerable patients
* The doctor-patient relationship and the physician’s role
* If euthanasia was made legal, the laws regulating it would be abused

life is given by God, and only God should decide when to end it

The sanctity of life:

principle of autonomy forbids the voluntary ending of LIFE

Euthanasia as murder:

Often argued that pain and suffering experienced by patients can be relieved by administering appropriate palliative care

The role of palliative care

Coercion of patients receiving costly treatments to accept euthanasia

The rights of vulnerable patients

Who are qualified to refuse treatment? And be justifiable?

* patients that have serious illness with limited life expectancy (doesn’t have to be terminally ill)
* patients with advance directives (for patients who are no longer competent)

Undermine the doctor-patient relationship, destroying the trust and confidence built

The doctor-patient relationship and the physician’s role

Nurse must ensure patient’s capacity to make decisions: Considered intact if the patient;

* understand the clinical information presented
* appreciate his/her situation including the consequences with treatment refusal
* is able to display reason deliberating about their choices
* is able to clearly communicate their choice

PRINCIPLE OF INSEPARABILITY demands that:

* the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be deliberately destroyed so as to render a naturally fertile act sterile;
* that the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be achieved in isolation from the unitive expression of the couple's love

The bearing of a child by a woman with the aim of turning it over to another woman

SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD

* "Difficult or painful death, used to indicate the extension of the dying process through treatment that only __prolongs patients' biological life__.
* A term generally used when a person is __kept alive artificially__, in a condition where otherwise they cannot survive

DYSTHANASIA

Dysthanasia also called as:

* Therapeutic intensification
* Therapeutic obstinacy
* Therapeutic fierceness
* Futility therapy or medical futility

The main argument against the use of contraception is based on?

Natural law theory

a woman who gives birth after carrying the fertilized ovum of another woman or, more commonly, after being artificially inseminated with sperm from the biological father

SURROGATE MOTHER

* A normal or natural manner of death and dying


* Correct dying, or allowing to die or letting die.
* Sometimes used to denote the deliberate stopping of artificial or heroic means of maintaining life
* Death is neither directly caused nor intended or postponed. It merely happens

ORTHONASIA

Semen donor himself is being sexually exploited like a prostitute

Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)

Orthonsia (PROS)

* death with dignity
* less suffering

Orthonasia (CONS)

* Not respecting the sanctity of life
* Allowing patient to die

Patient who has decision-making capacity appropriate to the decision at hand has the right to decline any medical intervention or ask that an intervention be stopped, even when that decision is expected to lead to his or her death and regardless of whether or not the individual is terminally ill.

TERMINATION OF LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT

* Thought to be a 'treatment' option for the infertile
* An alternative to adoption
* Fulfill people’s desires to be parents

SURROGACY

Problems and Issues of Surrogate Motherhood

* questions and morality
* payment
* exploitation
* surrogate motherhood vs. conventional motherhood
* conflicts of rights