Exercise Physiology Final

What are the two main zones of the respiratory system?

Conducting zone and respiratory zone.

What happens in the alveoli?

Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is diffusion in the lungs?

Movement of gases from high to low concentration (O₂ into blood, CO₂ out).

What is bulk flow?

Movement of air in and out of the lungs due to pressure differences.

What does Boyle’s Law state?

As volume increases, pressure decreases (and vice versa).

Which muscles are used in inhalation?

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A forced exhalation against a closed airway, increasing chest pressure.

What is partial pressure?

The pressure a specific gas contributes in a mixture (important in gas exchange).

What is tidal volume (TV)?

The air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Extra air you can inhale beyond normal inhalation.

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Extra air you can exhale beyond normal exhalation.

What is residual volume (RV)?

Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Maximum air exhaled after a deep breath (TV + IRV + ERV).

What is the correct blood flow path through the heart?

RA → RV → Lungs → LA → LV → Body.

What initiates the heart’s electrical signal?

SA node (pacemaker).

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate.

How do you calculate stroke volume?

Stroke Volume = EDV – ESV.

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular diastole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular systole, isovolumetric relaxation.

How is maximum heart rate (HRmax) estimated?

220 – age.

What is the sliding filament theory?

Actin and myosin slide past each other to contract muscle.

What triggers muscle contraction?

Calcium release due to nerve signal.

Name the 3 types of muscle fibers.

Type I (slow), Type IIa (fast oxidative), Type IIx (fast glycolytic).

What is the force-velocity relationship?

Muscle force decreases as contraction speed increases.

What do muscle spindles detect?

Stretch and speed of stretch.

What do Golgi tendon organs detect?

Muscle tension to prevent damage.

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS).

What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it activates.

What is depolarization?

Sodium ions enter the neuron, starting an action potential.

What is repolarization?

Potassium exits the cell, restoring resting potential.

What do proprioceptors do?

Sense joint position and movement.

What does the vestibular apparatus do?

Maintains balance and spatial orientation.

Which brain areas help control movement?

Motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.