FHD - microbiology

contains FHD topics: introduction to microscopic anatomy, microscopic anatomy: cell types and tissue, fundamentals of molecular cell biology, cells and their organelles

what are the four body tissue types

epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous

which two body tissue types can self renew

connective and epithelial

what are the four types of epithelial tissue

simple. stratified, pseudostratified, transitional

what are the three types of simple epithelial tissue

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

what is the appearance of squamous cells

flat appearance of cells

what are the functions of squamous cells

diffusion, filtration, secretion

what is the function of cuboidal cells

secretion and absorption

what is the appearance of cuboidal cells

cube like appearance

what is the function of columnar cells 

secretion and absorption 

what is the appearance of columnar cells 

cells have a rectangular appearance 

what are simple cells

cells that have a single layer

what are stratified cells

cells that have multiple layers

what are pseudostratified cells

cells that give the appearance of having multiple layers due to their arrangement

what are transitional cells

cells with a variable number of cell layers

what type of cell is a squamous cell

stratified

what is the function of squamous cells

protection against injury

what type of epithelial cell is ciliated

pseudostratified 

which type of epithelial cell allows for the stretching of linings

transitional

which type of epithelial cell allows for the propelling of mucous particles 

pseudostratified 

what are the three (overall) types of connective tissue

fibrous, specialized, fluid

what are the two types of fibrous connective tissue

loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue

what are the four types of specialised connective tissue

compact bone, spongy bone, adipose tissue, fibrocartilage

what is the fluid connective tissue

blood

how many types of collagen are there 

five

what are the fibers like in type I collagen 

large fibers 

where is type I collagen found

skin, tendon, bones, ligaments

where is type II collagen found

in cartilage

what type of fibers are in type II collagen

small fibers

what are the fibers like in type III collagen

small fibers

where is type III collagen found

in blood vessels, parenchyma organs

what are parenchyma organs

solid organs

what is the structure of IV collagen

a sheet like layer

where is type IV collagen found 

in basement membranes 

what is the structure of type V collagen 

thin fibrils

where is type V collagen found

in basement membranes and smooth skeletal muscle

what are glands comprised of

epithelial cells (which make up glandular tissue)

in exocrine glands what are secretions transported via

ducts

what is autophagy

degrading damaged or dysfunctional organelles and cellular components to help alleviate stress and retain cellular function

what carries out autophagy

lysosomes

when is autophagy non-selective

during starvation

what are melanosomes

specialized lysosomes that hold melanin pigments

how do melanosomes secrete pigment

via exocytosis

what is mitophagy

the removal of damaged mitochondria

when are Endolysosomes formed 

lysosomes fuse with entities that enter the cell via endocytosis 

how does apoptosis occur

If present, microvilli contract and intercellular junctions break, chromatin condenses and cell fragments into membrane enclosed apoptotic bodies

what is fixation

a treatment used to preserve a sample in a life-like state

what are the two procedures involved in sample processing

embedding and sectioning

what type of dye is haematoxylin

a basic dye

what does haematoxylin stain

acidic/ basophilic structures

which dye stains DNA

haematoxylin

which dye stains cartilage molecules 

haematoxylin 

what type of colour does haematoxylin stain

purple

what type of dye is eosin

an acidic dye

what structures does eosin stain

basic/ acidophilic structures

which dye stains cytoplasmic proteins

eosin

which dye stains extracellular fibres

eosin

what colour does eosin stain 

pink 

which stage of mitosis is shown here

prophase 

which stage of mitosis is shown here 

metaphase

which stage of mitosis is shown here

anaphase

which stage of mitosis is shown here

telophase 

what type of epithelium is shown here

simple squamous epithelium

what type of epithelium is shown here

simple cuboidal epithelium

what type of epithelium is shown here

simple columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is shown here

stratified squamous epithelium 

what type of epithelium is shown here

pseudostratified epithelium 

what type of epithelium is shown here

transitional epithelium 

what type of fibres are shown here

collagen fibres 

what type of fibres are shown here

elastic fibres

what is a biomarker

a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated

what can a biomarker an indication of (3 points)

normal biological processes, pathogenic responses, pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention 

what is translational research

the application of basic research to clinical settings 

what does TNF stand for 

tumour necrosis factor 

what is Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

a cytokine involved in inflammation

what does TNF bind to

the cell surface receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2

what is interleukin 1 and what is it involved in

a cytokine involved in inflammation

where is interleukin 1 generated

primarily in macrophages, but also in endothelial and epithelial cells

what is antibody drug conjugates

an approach used to improve drug delivery via targeting

what is the protocol CRISPR used for

gene editing 

what are the two components of the CRISPR system

DNA binding protein (Cas9), RNA guide molecule

what is the DNA binding protein used in CRISPR 

Cas9

what pH do lysosomes have

5

what does a peroxisome contain

enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, and a crystalline array of catalase

what does the peroxisome break down fatty acids and amino acids into 

hydrogen and peroxide

what occurs to the by product peroxide

it is neutralised by large amounts of catalase within the peroxisome

What are protein bio markers used for in a clinical setting 

as part of the diagnosic process

what percentage of total body fluid is intracellular

67%

what reaction does carbonic anhydrase catalyse

the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (or the reverse)

What is the main function of the Golgi 

to post translationally modify and sort proteins to specific regions of the cell 

what are microtubules

cytoskeletal structures involved in cell division, muscle contraction and vesicular transport

Which cell type lacks internal compartments

prokaryotes

what component of gram negative bacteria trigger an innate immune response 

lipopolysaccharides

on average, when testing bacteria to determine susceptibility to antibiotics, how long does it take to generate definitive results that can influence treatment results

48 hours

What do macrolides to

inhibit folic acid synthesis and metabolism