Hearing Anatomy

Helix

the outer posterior superior rim of the ear and curves slightly inward towards the external auditory meatus

Stapes

part of the middle ear that is most medial and is connected to the oval window of the cochlea

Travelling Wave Theory

states that there is a coding system in the cochlea

Malleus

identify structure #1

Incus

identify structure #2

Stapes

identify structure #3

Head

identify structure #1

Footplate

identify structure #2

Body

identify structure #1

Head

identify structure #1

Lateral Process

identify structure #2

Endolymph, Perilymph

the scala vestibuli and scala media contain perilymph, while the scala media contain endolymph. High concentration of potassium ions and low in sodium is found in ________, while low concentration of potassium and high concentration of sodium is found in _________.

Outer Hair Cells

structure #1

Tectorial Membrane

structure #2

Inner Hair Cells

structure #3

Scala Vestibuli

structure #1

Scala Media

structure #2

Cochlear Nerve

structure #3

Scala Tympani

structure #4

Cochlear Nuclei

a more analysis of the frequency in the sound stimulus happen in the ______

Cochlea

which of the following is affected if a patient has an inner ear infection?

Semicircular Canals

the fluid moving in the _______ causes an individual to feel dizzy after she/he stops spinning

Perilymph and Endolymph

vestibule controls the sense of equilibrium in the ___ __*____*__

and __________

Organ of Corti

located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea is the _____, which contains hair cell sensory receptors for the sense of hearing

Middle Ear

converts acoustic energy to mechanical energy

Auditory Nerve

fluid from the inner ear stimulates nerve endings called hair cells. These send electrical impulses along the _______ to the brain.

Inferior Colliculus

the site where the frequency and intensity information of the sound stimulus is put together in the __________

Primary Cortex

the site where 2 stimuli can be discriminated happens in the _________

Superior Olivary Complex

analysis of the loudness of the sound happens in the ________

Cochlea ; Nervous System

the afferent nerve supply is made up of ascending sensory neurons that send signals from the ______ to the _________.

Sensorineural

type of hearing caused by damage in the inner ear

Outer and Middle Ear

structures affected when a person has a conductive hearing loss

Cranial Nerve VII

cranial nerve affected when a person has sensorineural hearing loss

Sudden

a rapid onset of hearing loss

Avulsion

an outer ear trauma wherein the ear is detached from the head, either partially or completely

Subperichondrial hematoma/Boxer’s ear

this injury results from the trauma to the exterior ear wherein blood pools under the skin and cuts off the blood supply to the cartilage which causes the cartilage to die

Otitis Media

inflammation located in the middle ear which results in a malfunction of the eustachian tube which prevents normal drainage of fluid from the middle ear

Otitis Media with Effusion

a type of otitis media where fluid remains in the middle ear for a prolonged period and can result in difficulty fighting new infection

Barotrauma

the medical term for that uncomfortable sensation that hits when we’re in an airplane and our ears suddenly feel like they’re stuffed with cotton

Cholesteatoma

benign growth that starts within the retracted section of the eardrum which was brought about by a sustained, abnormal middle ear pressure

Otosclerosis

causes mild to severe hearing impairment but it rarely results in total deafness; abnormal hardening of body tissue of the ear

Stapes

structure affected when a person suffers from otosclerosis

Presbycusis

the most common hearing loss that affect the majority of those over 60 years old

Measles

this type of infectious disease can cause possible central auditory damage

Tumor

it normally grows slowly, gradually compressing the auditory nerve, and may also affect the nearby vestibular nerve which results in both hearing loss and balance problems.

Auditory Brain Response

a 5-month-old baby was referred for an audiometric assessment as recommended by the SLP. What type of instrumental assessment may be suggested with this age?

Sensorineural

the results of the audiometry shows that the results from bone conduction and air conduction are both poor. With this, what type of hearing loss would be possibly diagnosed?

Air Conduction Test

Pure Tone Assessment wherein the sound is presented via headphones through outer and middle ear

Outer Ear

localizes the sound

External Auditory Meatus

provides a sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects

Umbo

where the tip of the malleus is attached

Auditory Ossicles

chain of the three tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Malleus

outermost, most lateral and the largest of the ossicles

Incus

located at the manubrium of the malleus to the lenticular process

Stapes

smallest bone in the human body

Mastoid Air Cells

a collection of air-filled spaces in the mastoid process

Endolymph

receives the motion of the waves

Anterior Semicircular Canals

detects forward and backward head movement

Posterior Semicircular Canals

detects head tilt

Inner Hair Cells

convert sound vibrations from the fluid in the cochlea into electrical signals that are transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brain

Outer Hair Cells

amplify low level sounds that enter into the fluids of the cochlea

External Auditory Meatus

protects the middle and inner ears from external traumas by impeding the entry of foreign objects

Tensor tympani

pulls the malleus anteromedially

Stapedius

stabilizes the stapes by rotating the footplate

Eustachian Tube

equalizes pressure in the middle ear with external air pressure

Tympanic Cavity

transmits sound energy from the external ear to the inner ear by the oval window

Semicircular Canals

associated with balance or equilibrium

Utricle

plays a vital role in orientation and static balance, particularly horizontal tilt

Saccule

has a role in vertical acceleration

Organ of Corti

receptor organ for hearing

External Auditory Meatus

acts as a quarter wave resonator and has its own resonant characteristics

Middle Ear

matches low-impedance airborne sounds to the higher-impedance fluid of the inner ear

Protection Theory

suggests that acoustic reflex protects the inner ear from intense sound levels that may be damaging to the ear.

Fixation Theory

suggests that the middle ear muscles maintain the appropriate positioning and rigidity of ossicles

Travelling Wave Theory

suggests that there is a coding system in the cochlea; the fundamental cochlear response to acoustic stimuli consists of a displacement wave which propagates along the basilar membrane from base to apex

base of the cochlea

resonates high frequency sounds

apex of the cochlea

resonates low frequency sounds

Afferent Auditory Pathway

send signals from the cochlea to the nervous system

Superior Olivary Complex

localizes where the sound is coming from

Ipsilateral

stays on the direction of the original pathway

Contralateral

decussate or cross over the other side

Inferior Colliculus

integrates the sound signals and receives all the information signal in the body

Medial Geniculate Body

plays a role in the emotional responses to auditory stimuli

Primary Auditory Cortex

responsible for discrimination of frequency and intensity of the incoming auditory stimulus

Efferent Auditory Pathway

starts at the auditory cortex

Rostral or Centrifugal Pathway

starts from the auditory cortex down to the inferior colliculus

Corticothalamic System

where messages in relation to tonotopic frequencies and spatial topography are sent from the auditory cortex to different parts of the medial geniculate body

Corticollicular System

comprises the efferent pathways to the midbrain and inferior colliculus

Hearing Loss

a condition that happens when the transmission of sound from the outer ear to the brain is disrupted

Hard of Hearing

people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe

Deaf

these people mostly have profound hearing loss, which implies very little or no hearing

Conductive Hearing Loss

occurs when sounds are unable to pass through the outer and middle ear

Conductive Hearing Loss

soft sounds may be difficult to hear, while louder sounds may be muffled

Sensorineural

occurs when there is a damage in the inner ear

Mixed Hearing Loss

occurs when there is a damage in the outer, middle or inner ear

Avulsion

the ear can detach partially or completely from the head

Subperichondrial hematoma

occurs as a result of trauma to the external ear; frequently obtained in contact sports

Otitis Externa

an inflammatory condition that causes redness and swelling of external ear canal

Osteoma

a slowly growing, benign tumor made of mature bone