SocPsy (Social Facilitation)

Roger Sperry

studied on split-brain patients

left brain

regulates speech, writing, mathematical, and logical thinking

right hemisphere

is responsible for face recognition, symbolic reasoning, emotional expression, and artistic activities

Robert Fants

“infants are capable of perceiving the world around them at a very young age”

instincts

animal training of the Brelands showed that animals follow their __________ despite undergoing training

Harry Harlow

____________’s experiment revealed that baby monkeys clung to the mother that provided comfort rather than milk

biological sex

the genetic material encoded in our genes

gender identity

the psychological sense of being

social sex role/gender role

adherence to culturally created behavior and attitudes deemed appropriate for males and females

sexual orientation

sexual and emotional attraction to another person

women

_________ tend to prioritize intimate relationships than men

tend and befriend

men:fight or flight::women:__________________

context

gender differences on sexuality could be attributed to __________

outscored

a meta-analysis showed that adolescent and adult males ______________ females on measures of self-esteem. However, the difference is not significant.

group

a collection of people who interact, share common goals, and influence how members think and act

interdependent

occurs when any action by one member will affect or influence the other members

communication

can be directed and inward in a group

shared goals

some groups are created to perform tasks or to organize activities that no individual could handle alone

group cohesion

process in which members of the group desire to remain in that group, groups with this have great hold over the energy, time, loyalty of its members

social cohesion

a form of group cohesion in which members desire to stay in the group because they like one another

group polarization

if you discuss an opinion with a group of people and a majority of the members argue for one side of the issue, the discussion typically pushes the majority to a more extreme view than they held before the discussion

groupthink

when groups emphasize sticking together and fail to adequately appraise alternative courses of action

social loafing

a member of group shows decrease in performance or effort when working in a group rather than when doing it alone

social influence

the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others

conformity, compliance, obedience

types of social influence

conformity

change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others

norms

rules or standards that groups follow

compliance

conforming to an expectation or a request without really believing what you are doing

acceptance

occurs when you genuinely believe in what the group has persuaded you to do

Muzafer Sherif

study where independently, participants’ perception of the movement of the light significantly differ, but when they came together, their answers converged to the norm

informational influence

produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements, a need to be right

normative influence

produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant, fear of being ostracized

foot-in-the-door technique

you ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with a more important one

self-perception theory

the reason why foot-in-the-door technique works

door-in-the-face technique

someone makes a large request, expecting it to be refused, and follows it with a smaller one

perceptual contrast, reciprocal concessions

why door-in-the-face technique works

low-balling technique

a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs, usually used in selling cars

that’s-not-all technique

a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus

obedience

a change in behavior in response to the commands of others

Moscovici’s theory

minorities derive power from the style of their behaviors: forceful, persistent, and unwavering in their position

evaluation apprehension

Nickolas Cottrell’s conclusion is that the enhancement of dominant responses is strongest when people think they are being evaluated

driven by distraction

Sanders et al., theorized that when people wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting, they get distracted

mere presence (zajonc)

innate social arousal mechanism, mere presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension or arousing distraction

the Ringelmann effect

social loafing is also called _____________

deindividuation

a complex process in which a series of social conditions lead to changes in perception of self and of other people, so that behavior that is normally restrained and inhibited is released in violation of established norms of appropriateness