KSU Biology 1108 Final Exam

Gram negative

Peptidoglycin is between layers

Gram positive

Peptidoglycin is on the outside

Shared Characteristics of Prokaryotes

lack organized nucleus/membrane bound organelles, nucleoid, Cell wall, very small in size as compared to eukaryotes

Eukaryotes are closer to?

Archaea

protista

paraphyletic

Prokaryotes

Paraphyletic

Embryophytes

monophyletic

Basal angiosperms

monophyletic

Vascular Plants

monophyletic

seed plants

monophyletic

non vascular

paraphyletic

Excavata plastids

green alga

Stramenopiles/Alveolates plastids

red alga

Rhizaria plastids

green alga

Archaeplastida plastids

cyanobacterium

Diseases from bacteria

Chlamydia, Lyme, food poisoning, E. Coli, Strept

Diseases from excavata

Giardia, trichomoniasis, Trypansome, African Sleeping Sickness, Chagas, Brain eating amoebas

Diseases from SAR

Malaria, toxoplasmosis

Eukaryotic multicellularity supergroup

Archaeplastida

Chlorophytes

saltwater

Streptophytes

Land plants

Chlorophyte/streptophyte diversification (MYA)

850-500MYA

When is land colonized by plants?

500-400 MYA

Seed plant origin

400-65 MYA

Flowering Plant diversification

150-100 MYA

Most dominant embryophytes

Flowering plants

Plasmodesmata

Holes in cell wall that interconnect different plant cells

Phragmoplast

where the cell plate forms during cell division

Byrophytes (what/life stage)

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses..... haploid gametophyte is dominant life stage

Lycophytes (what/life stage)

Spikemosses, Quillworts, Clubmosses......diploid sporophyte is dominant lifestage

Ferns (what/life stage)

Closest relative to seed plants.......sporophyte is dominant life stage

Evolution of seed plants

Green alga > Embryophytes > Vascular plants > Lycophytes > Ferns > seed plants

Conifers

male and female cones

Cycads

Separate male and female plants

Ginkgo

Separate male and female plants.... males used as ornamental plants

Gnetophytes

Separate male and female plants

Basal Angiosperm Characteristics

Leaves are vein like, ring arranged vascular tissue, one main root, one pollen opening

Monocot characteristics

one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered tissue, no main root, one pollen opening

Eudicot Characteristics

two cotyledons, netlike veins, ring ranged vascular tissue, three pollen openings

First branching angiosperm lineage

Amborella

Bees as pollinators

Consume a lot of pollen so some pants will hide it from them

Butterflies/moths as pollinators

tubular flowers..... most flowers are white and produce scent at night

Flies as pollinators

dead animal like flowers

Bats as pollinators

study, white flowers, fragrant at night

Hummingbirds as pollinators

red flowers, tubular, no fragrance

wind as pollinators

flowers that create a lot of allergies, green flowers that lack petals

Pseudocopulatory

Orchids trick bees into mating with them to induce pollination

Plant primary growth

shoot and meristem (area of rapid cell division)

Plant secondary growth

growth in the stem.... create of xylem (dead) and phloem (living)

Importance of transpiration

Pulls nutrients up towards top of plant and allows CO2 to enter

Chytridiomycota

live in water.... home to disease that kills amphibians

Zygomycota

spores made from zygote

Glomeromycota

grow inside plant root cells (go between wall and membrane)

Porifera

Sponges

Cnidaria

aquatic animals

Platyhelminthes

flatworms

Mollusca

snails, slugs, oysters, squid

Annelida

segmented worms.... earthworms, leeches, tubeworms

Nematoda

roundworms

Anthropoda

animals with exoskeleton

Echniodermata

slow moving marine animals

Chordata

notochord

Lepidosaurs

snakes, lizards, tuataras

Closest relative to myself?

Platyheminthes

Model organism?

C. Elegans from nematoda

4 synapomorphies of chordates

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord,, muscular post anal tail and gill slits

Major steps of evolution

notochord

How are lobe fins, ray fins, cartilaginous fish, lancelets, and starfish related?

Common ancestor is where head and vertebral column formed

Synapmorphies of mammals

mammary glands, hair all over body, warm blooded

Monotremes

egg laying mammals

Marsupials

Mammals that birth early and develop in a sac

Placental

mammals that develop in mother completely

Epithelia Tissue

Lines all organs, cavities and outside of body

Nerve Tissue

Enables rapid cell to cell communication over long distances

Muscle Tissue

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Connective Tissue

cartilage, blood, fat, bone...... support and bind other tissues

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment

Endothermy

warmed by metabolic processes

Ectothermy

Warmed by outside source

3 nutritional needs for all animals

fuel for cellular work, organic raw materials, essential nutrients

Water soluble vitamins

B and C

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, and K

7 required minerals

C, P, S, Cl, K, Na, and Mg

Liver function

store bile salts

Gall bladder function

create bile salts

Pancreas function

produce insulin and protein digesting enzymes

Open Circulatory System

no distinction from interstitial fluid

Closed Circulatory System

more efficient.... interstitial fluid is not passed through body

Artery function

Thicker walls that pump blood AWAY from heart

Vein funtion

RETURN blood to heart

Capillaries function

Exchange of CO2 and O2

Leucocytes

While blood cells

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Platelets

Clot blood

Why do bird lungs function at high elevations

Air is constantly flowing vs humans having a mix where gas is being exchanged

B cells

come from Bones and are antibodies

T cells

Come from thymus and kill pathogens (targeted by HIV)

Function of MHC proteins

attach themselves to foreign molecules to signal T cells

Ammonia

toxic in low levels and comes from aquatic animals

Urea

produced in liver and excreted via kidneys