Endocrine System

Which endocrine gland(s) decrease(s) in size and hormone production during menopause?

Ovaries

The thyroid gland is located [where]. 

 

anterior to the trachea, just below the larynx

The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are made from the protein _____________.

thyroglobin

Too much PTH can cause [what].

hyperparathyroidism

The release of insulin is initially triggered [hormone] from the gastrointestinal tract.

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Where is most of the pancreas located?

Posterior to the bottom half of the stomach

Which process does glucagon stimulate to produce glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

The parathyroid glands are located where?

 

On the posterior surface of the thyroid

Which hormone from the skeleton increases insulin production?

Osteocalcin

What is the role of leptin secreted by adipose tissue?

Reduces appetite by promoting satiety

The colloid in thyroid follicles mainly functions to [what].

 

store iodine and hormones

The zona fasciculata produces [what].

 

glucocorticoids like cortisol

Calcitonin, made by parafollicular cells, acts to [what].

decrease blood calcium

[which] inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion?

Somatostatin

What is/are the main function(s) of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells?

Regulate pancreatic secretions, regulate appetite

Blood pressure is low due to low blood volume. Which kidney hormone or system is likely underactive?

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)

An elderly patient has low metabolism, feels cold, gains fat easily. Which hormones are low?

T3, T4

A patient feels constantly hungry and stores excess fat. Which hormone may be low?

Leptin

After a meal, a patient’s pancreas does not release insulin. Which GI hormone may be deficient?

GIP

Blood pressure is high and blood volume is elevated. The heart is not signaling the kidneys properly. Which hormone is likely deficient?

ANP

The pineal gland secretes [what].

Melatonin

The zona glomerulosa primarily secretes [what].

aldosterone

The zona fasciculata produces [what].

glucocorticoids like cortisol

The placenta acts as an endocrine organ during pregnancy because it [what].

 

produces hormones to support fetal development

Which organ produces erythropoietin in response to low oxygen?

Kidneys

The chief cells of the parathyroid glands produce [what].

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What mineral is essential for thyroid hormone production?

Iodine

A 65-year-old male patient shows reduced muscle mass due to low cortisol and aldosterone. Which adrenal gland region is affected?

Cortex

A goiter is caused by [what].

iodine deficiency

What is the primary effect of glucagon?

Increase blood glucose levels, break down glycogen

The [type] cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin?

Beta

What is the role of leptin secreted by adipose tissue?

Reduces appetite by promoting satiety

Poor bone growth is noted in a child. Which liver hormone may be underproduced?

IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1)

Your elderly patient has osteoporosis due to bone demineralization. Which hormone changes contribute?

Low calcitonin, high PTH, low estrogen

Both insulin and glucagon are secreted continuously, causing unstable blood glucose. Which hormone might be deficient?

Somatostatin

A patient feels constantly hungry and stores excess fat. Which hormone may be low?

Leptin

[What] controls the production of estrogen and testosterone?

 

Primarily Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A patient has high blood sugar after meals because skeletal muscles cannot take up glucose. Which hormone is likely deficient?

Insulin

PTH increases blood calcium by [what].

activating osteoclasts

Addison’s disease causes what?

Low blood glucose, low blood sodium