ap psych unit 2 exam

Babinski reflex

when a baby's foot is stroked, he or she will spread their toes.

Myelinated

Motor control develops as neurons in our brain connect with one another.

Generativity versus stagnation

Erikson's stage where we try to ensure our lives are going the way we want them to go.

Moro reflex

A startled baby flings arms, retracts them and makes themselves as small as possible.

Industry versus inferiority

Erikson's stage regarding the beginning of our formal education where work is evaluated.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's stage where toddlers attempt to control themselves and others.

Trust versus mistrust

Erikson's stage where new babies learn to trust their caregivers.

Intimacy versus isolation

Erikson's stage where we discover the difference between a platonic and romantic relationship.

Infants that resist being comforted by their parents.

Ambivalent attachments

Newborn senses

Humans are born with their sensory apparatus, but some senses differ from adults.

Chomsky, Noam - (1928- )

He performed research that led to the decline of behaviorist theories about language acquisition. He proposed that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device that allows them to acquire language skills easily.

Darwin, Charles - (1809-1882)

He outlined his theory of natural selection in his influential book On the Origin of Species. His ideas shaped the course of evolutionary studies, including evolutionary psychology.

Ebbinghaus, Hermann - (1850-1909)

His work challenged the view that higher mental processes such as memory couldn't be studied scientifically. He was a philosopher, psychologist, and author of On Memory.

Ekman, Paul - (1934- )

An expert in emotional research and nonverbal communication. He is particularly well-known for his studies of emotional expression and the physiology of the face.

Ellis, Albert - (1913-2007)

He developed a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy known as rational-emotive therapy. His rational-emotive therapy is based on the idea that self-defeating thoughts cause psychological problems.

Erikson, Erik - (1902-1994)

A key contributor to the study of development across the life span. He proposed a theory that people go through eight distinct stages of development. In 1950, he published his most influential book, Childhood and Society.

Eysenck, Hans - (1916-1997)

His research focused on the genetic foundations of personality. He believed that conditioning was important in personality formation but that personality grew largely out of genetic differences.

As the years pass, what type of memory begins to decline, especially for meaningless information, but what type of memory remains strong?

Recall, recognition

Most people incorrectly presume that what declines in late adulthood despite evidence showing older adults have enhanced emotional control, are more attentive to positive news, have fewer problematic social relationships, and experience less anger, stress, and worry?

Happiness

According to Erikson, what two basic aspects of our lives dominate adulthood?

Intimacy, generativity

What type of therapy offers a similar healing power to that of the passing of time, support of friends, and the act of giving support and help to others who are grieving?

Bereavement therapy

Age linked midlife-crisis skeptics reason that there is no evidence for midlife distress and coined what term that defines that the "right time" to leave home, get a job, marry, and have kids varies from culture to culture and era to era?

Social clock

What term describes an accelerating cognitive decline in the final 3 or 4 years of life?

Terminal decline

Our muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output all begin to decline during what time period?

Mid-20s

What term describes the ending of a woman's menstrual cycle at around age 50 which does not create psychological problems?

Menopause

During what stage of adulthood does the immune system weaken which increases susceptibility to life-threatening illnesses?

Late adulthood

Facing what with dignity and openness helps people complete the life cycle with a sense of life's meaningfulness and unity?

Death

Short of abstinence, what is the surest strategy for preventing pregnancy and greatly decreasing bacterial STIs and HIV?

Condoms

What term describes a primary developmental task in late adolescence that is the ability to form close, loving relationships?

Intimacy

What is a predictor of teens who delay the initiation of sex?

All answers are correct

What term describes the time from 18 to our mid-twenties where a person has not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence and feels "in between?"

Emerging adulthood

Respectively, when does parental intimacy, which is the ability to form a close loving relationship, begin to diminish as peer influences become more important and what influenced adult independence to begin later in a person's teens rather than shortly after sexual maturity?

Adolescence, compulsory schooling

Respectively, what term describes that an adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles and what term describes the "we" aspect of our self-concept?

Identity, social identity

When adolescence starts with puberty at about 11 in girls and 13 in boys, what term describes the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls, facial hair and deeper voices in boys and pubic and underarm hair in both?

Secondary sex characteristics

Factors such as media norms, alcohol use, guilt, ignorance, and lack of communication (MAGIC) can contribute to what for teenagers?

Pregnancy

Respectively, our sex is determined by what pair of chromosomes and what is the principle male hormone that stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus?

23rd, testosterone (testis)

Sexual orientation

Most of today's psychologists view what is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed, is not environmentally influenced, and is our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex, the other sex, or both sexes?

What term describes that much of our morality is rooted in quick gut feelings?

Moral intuition

What term describes a period of life that starts at the beginning of sexual maturity and ends with the social achievement of independent adult status?

Adolescence

What triggers a pruning process, in which unused pathways weaken and heavily used ones strengthen?

Experiences

As a child's brain develops, what grows more numerous and complex?

Neural connections

When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit Jean Piaget called what, they apply abstract reasoning tools to the world around them and may think about what is ideally possible and compare it to their imperfect reality?

Formal operational

Children tend to adopt the cultural styles, accents, slang, and attitudes from whom?

Peers

Who influences a child in the areas of faith, attitude, manners, values and politics?

Parents

Adolescents' brains are a work in progress, what part of the brain associated with judgment and impulse control lags behind that of the emotional limbic system?

Frontal lobe

How can parents, whose influence differs from their child's peers, manipulate their child's interaction with their peers and therefore be more influential?

Choose the neighborhood and schools their children attend

Since the crucial task of childhood and adolescence is discerning right from wrong and developing character, what are Kohlberg's three basic levels of moral thinking?

Conventional, preconventional, postconventional

What term describes the idea that we learn social behaviors by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished?

Social learning theory

What term describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex?

Transgender

What term describes any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy and usually involves men more than women?

Aggression

In childhood, how does the way boys generally play differ from the way girls generally play?

All answers are correct

Respectively, which gender tends to be more directive or autocratic and which gender tends to be more democratic?

Male, female

At conception, how many total chromosomes did we receive from our mother and father?

46

What term describes a set of expected behaviors for males and females that vary over time and place?

Gender role

What term describes the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role?

Gender typing

What term describes a person's sense of being male or female?

Gender identity

What term describes the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which your culture defines male and female?

Gender

Erikson stated that securely attached children who approach life with a sense that the world is predictable and reliable have what?

Basic Trust

What term does not describe how you feel about who you are, but does describe the understanding of who you are and answers the question, "who am I?"

Self-concept

Since the most heavily researched aspects of parenting has been how, and to what extent parents seek to control their children, what are the four identified parenting styles?

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved

The research by Harlow contradicted the idea that attachment derives from an association with what?

Nourishment

Children do become familiar with what they have known, but unlike ducklings, what type of attachment is unlikely for people?

Imprinting

Several studies have confirmed that sensitive mothers and fathers tend to have children who display what type of attachment?

Secure attachment

There is no major impact of maternal employment on children's development as long as what is consistent with warm relationships and based on trust?

Childcare

What term describes the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to experiences produces proper development?

Critical period

What is the effect on infants who are locked away at home under conditions of abuse or extreme neglect?

All answers are correct

Respectively, what term describes an 8 month-old child's emerging ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening and what term describes a 12 month-old child's powerful survival impulse that keeps them close to their caregivers?

Stranger anxiety, attachment

Jean Piaget, who revolutionized our understanding of children's minds and believed our minds develop through a series of stages, assigned what term to the idea that our mind develops by the building of concepts that organize and interpret information?

Schema

In what two respective stages of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children experience the world through the senses and experience stranger anxiety while in the other stage they can be abstract?

Sensorimotor, formal operational

In what two respective stages of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children represent things with words but lack logical reasoning, while in another stage they can think logically about concrete things?

Preoperational, concrete operational

Respectively, what term describes the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior and what term describes the areas associated with thinking, memory, and language and are the last cortical areas to develop?

Maturation, association areas

What term describes a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction?

Autism spectrum disorder

We have no conscious memories of events occurring before what age, in part because major brain areas have not yet matured?

3.5 years

What term describes all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Cognition

What term describes people's ideas about their own and other's feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict?

Theory of mind

Respectively, what term describes how we interpret our schemas in terms of our current understanding and what term describes how we adjust our schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences?

Assimilate, accommodate

What term describes the phase of prenatal development where the heart begins to beat and the liver begins to make red blood cells?

Embryo

Much of the research of psychology's developmental perspectives center around what major issues?

All answers are correct

What term describes a fertilized egg?

Zygote

What term describes the developing human organism from two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month?

Embryo

Approximately how many times larger is a woman's mature egg than that of one of the 200 million sperm released by a male?

85,000

What term describes the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth?

Fetus

Babies are born with what which facilitates their survival and their social interactions with adults?

Sensory equipment

Respectively, what transfers nutrients, oxygen, and harmful agents from the mother to the fetus and what term describes chemicals and viruses that can reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?

Placenta, teratogens

What group of people study physical, mental, and social changes throughout the human life cycle?

Developmental psychologists

On the day we are born we have most of the brain cells we will ever have, however at approximately what week do the number of neurons peak in a fetus and then stabilize at 23 billion?

28 weeks

Babinski reflex

when a baby's foot is stroked, he/she will spread their toes

Some researchers consider developmental psychology an applied research topic because ...

Researchers apply findings and theories from other areas of psychology to the specific topic of human development

You read in your philosophy class textbook that humans are born "tabula rasa" or "blank slates." As a student of psychology, which of the following responses would you have?

The statement is incorrect. Humans are born with a set of reflexes that help us survive.

Which of the following statements is most true about how a newborn's sense function?

Most senses function normally, but sight develops slowly with experience

Most prenatal influences on humans are genetic or hormonal in origin except for ...

Teratogens

Parental involvement can have dramatic effects on all the following human traits except ...

Motor development

A principal difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study is ...

The time span of the study

Harlow's experiments with substitute mothers made of wire demonstrated the importance of what aspect of nurturing?

Touch

According to research, the most advantageous parenting style for children's development is ...

Authoritative, because children have boundaries that are reasonable and justified

A major difference between the psychoanalytic stage theories (Freud and Erikson) and the more cognitive or experiential stage theories (Piaget and Kohlberg) is

The psychoanalytic theories are less empirical

You have a cousin named Holden who flunked out of three expensive private schools and was arrested for wandering the streets of New York using his parents' credit card. Holden is intelligent but cannot seem to get motivated toward any career. What conflict would Erikson say Holden is struggling with?

Identity vs. role confusion

In which stage of cognitive development do infants learn object permanence?

Sensorimotor

According to Erikson's theory, adolescents are most primarily concerned in a search for ...

Identity

The ability to generate several alternate hypotheses in order to explain a phenomenon demonstrates cognition in which of the following Piagetian stages?

Formal-operations