HLTA0H3 FINAL EXAM PART 1 PT 1

Health Policy

Decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society.

Political Actors

Individuals or groups involved in influencing health policy decisions, including public and private sector entities.

Social Determinants of Health

Factors that affect health outcomes including income, education, social support, and physical environments.

Policy Objectives

Goals that health policies aim to achieve, which can involve trade-offs and competing interests.

Efficiency

Getting the most value or benefit for the money spent in health care.

Moral Hazard

The problem where insured patients excessively utilize health care resources, raising costs for everyone.

Principal-Agent Relationship

The relationship where the patient (principal) may not always be able to judge the effectiveness of the health care provider's (agent) services.

Primary Care

Health care services focusing on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases, serving as the first point of entry.

Tertiary Care

Highly specialized medical care often requiring hospitalization and complex procedures.

Lalonde Report

A 1974 report that identified human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organizations as factors affecting health.

Public Administration (Canada Health Act)

Managed on a non-profit basis, ensuring that health insurance plans are administered publicly.

Universality (Canada Health Act)

Ensuring all insured residents have access to health services on uniform terms and conditions.

Portability (Canada Health Act)

Residents can move between provinces without losing their health coverage.

Accessibility (Canada Health Act)

Removing financial barriers to ensure access to health care for all residents.

User Fees

Payments made by patients for services received, including co-payments, co-insurance, and deductibles.

Cash Grants

Direct transfers of money from one level of government to another, which may be conditional.

Privatization

Increasing private sector involvement in health care services that were previously publicly provided.

Decommodification

Certain health programs and services that are not subject to purchase on the open market.

Welfare State

How a nation provides economic and social security through governmental intervention.

Neoliberalism

An economic perspective favoring market solutions and reducing state control over economies.

Bismarck Model

A health care model characterized by compulsory social insurance, making coverage available to all workers.

Beveridge Model

A health care system funded through public finance, providing universal coverage.

Long-Term Care (LTC)

A set of health, personal care, and social services required on a sustained basis for individuals.

Emergency Services

Medical services involved in potentially life-threatening situations, providing immediate care.

Healthcare Financing

How health services are paid for, including public and private sectors' contributions.

Health Human Resources (HHR)

The workforce involved in delivering health services and the management of healthcare professionals.

Asymmetry of Information

A situation in health care where one party (the provider) has more knowledge than the other (the patient).

Trade-Offs

Compromises made in health policy where multiple objectives may not be compatible.

Health Care Organizations

Institutions involved in delivering health services, including hospitals and clinics.

Social Democratic Welfare State

A welfare state prioritizing universal welfare rights and providing generous entitlements to citizens.

Private Financing

Funding of health services through private insurance or out-of-pocket payments.

Public Financing

Funding for health services through government revenues and taxes.

Ambulatory Care

Outpatient services provided outside of a hospital setting, typically involving specialist care.

Health Care System

The organized network of institutions, providers, and policies aimed at delivering health services.

Health Policy Instruments

Tools and methods used to implement health policy objectives, including education and regulation.

Health Care Coverage

The extent to which health services are covered for individuals under health insurance policies.

Emergency Medical Transport

Services providing transportation for patients to receive urgent medical care.

Equity in Health Care

The principle of providing fair access to health services and treating like cases alike.

Secondary Care

Specialist care that requires referral from primary care providers, outpatient services provided outside of hospital

Informal caregivers

often family members, avoid LTC institutions, for ppl with financial implications

Canada Health Act created?

1984

Income inequality

refers to the unequal distribution of income within a population, leading to disparities in wealth and access to resources. Perfect equality = 0.00 Complete inequality = 1.00

Conservative

France, Belgium, Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherland, Switzerland

Social Democratic

Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway

Liberal

United kingdom, New Zealand, United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland