functional anatomy exam 1

functional anatomy

anatomical position

standing straight, arms by the side, palms forward

superior

above, over

inferior

below, under

anterior

in front of, front

posterior

behind, toward the rear

lateral

away from the midline

medial

towards the midline

proximal

closer to the origin

distal

farther from the origin

deep

beneath or below the surface

ventral

pertaining to toward the belly, anterior

dorsal

pertaining to toward the back, posterior

cephalic/cephalad

head

caudal/cauda

tail

unilateral

one side or one

bilateral

both sides or two

supine

lying on back

prone

lying face down

sagittal plane

divides the body into left/right sides

Joint movements of the sagittal plane

flexion/extension

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

what is the sagittal plane axis?

frontal axis

Frontal plane

divides the body into front/back portions

joint movements of the frontal plane

abduction/adduction

radial/ulna deviation

eversion/inversion

what is the frontal plane axis?

sagittal axis

Horizontal (transverse) plane

divides the body into superior/inferior portions

joint movements of the horizontal plane

medial/lateral rotation

supination/pronation

right/left rotation

horizontal abduction/adduction

what is the horizontal plane axis?

vertical axis

median/midsagittal plane

sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left/right regions

parasagittal plane

sagittal plane that divides into unequal right/left regions

cardinal plane

divides the body into equal half on each side of the planes

intersect at the mid-point of each dimension

how are joints classified?

synarthrodial and diarthrodial

what are the classifications of synarthrodial joints

fibrous suture

fibrous ligamentous (syndesmosis)

fibrous interossesous

fibrous gomphosis

cartilaginous fixed disc

cartilaginous non-fixed

fibrous suture

no motion

skull bones

fibrous ligamentous

slight motion

distal tibiofibula

fibrous interosseous

moderate motion

ulna/radius (interosseous membrane)

fibrous gomphosis

little motion

teeth

cartilaginous fixed disc

little motion

symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs

cartilaginous non-fixed

moderate motion

ulnocarpal joint

what are the Classification of diarthrodial joints?

nonaxial

uniaxial

biaxial

triaxial

nonaxial joint

shape-plane

gliding motion

intercarpals

uniaxial joint

shape-hinge/pivot

flexion/extension (hinge) & rotation (pivot)

elbow/knee (hinge) atlas/axis & radius/ulna (pivot)

biaxial joint

shape- condyloid/saddle

flexion/extension, abd/add, rotation

wrist, MPs (condyloid) thumb CMC (saddle)

triaxial joint

shape- ball and joint

flexion/extension, abd/add, rotation

shoulder, hip

what triaxial joint is more stable?

hip joint

what triaxial joint is unstable?

shoulder joint

Type I fiber

slow twitch smaller in diameter fatigue resistant oxygen ex: postural muscles, Soleus

Type II fibers

Fast twitch larger in diameter glycogen short burst of high-energy ex: gastrocnemius

What fiber type is used during long distance runners?

Type I

What type of fiber is used for short distance runners?

Type II

what point of attachment is more stable?

origin

what point of attachment typically moves towards the more stable attachment?

insertion

what is innervation?

Nerve that goes into muscle

parallel muscle fibers

muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis typically longer More ROM

Parallel fiber types

strap fusiform rhomboidal triangular

Strap

long and thin fibers running the entire length

Example of strap muscle fibers

sartorius sternocleidomastoid rectus abdominis

Fusiform

spindle-shaped wider in the middle and narrow at both ends

Example of Fusiform muscle fibers

Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis

Rhomboidal

four-sided muscle usually flat with broad attachments at each end

Examples of rhomboidal muscle fibers

pronator quadratus rhomboids gluteus maximus

Examples of triangular muscle fibers

Pectoralis major

triangular

flat-fan shaped fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other

oblique muscle fiber

feather arrangement where the muscle attaches at an oblique angle to its tendon shorter and more numerous

Oblique fiber types

Unipennate bipennate multipennate

Unipennate muscle fiber

one-sided feather short fibers attached diagonally along the length of a central tendon

Example of Unipennate

tibialis posterior Semimembranosus flexor pollicis longus

Bipennate muscle fibers

feather shaped fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of central tendon

examples of bipennate

rectus femoris interossei

Multipennate muscle fibers

many fibers with oblique fibers within

Examples of multipennate

deltoid subscapularis

Normal resting length

length of the muscle when it is unstimulated

Irritability

the ability to respond to stimulus

Contractility

the muscle’s ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation

Extensibility

the muscles ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied

Elasticity

the muscle ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed

Excursion

the distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening

Lenght-tension relationship

tension on the muscle affects its ability to contract effectively Placing a stretch on a muscle before contraction will typically increase the force of the contraction

Active insufficiency

point at which a muscle cannot shorten any further occurs to the agonist muscle

passive insufficiency

the inability of the muscle to lengthen long enough to allow full ROM at all joint crossed Occurs to the antagonist

Tenodesis

tendon action of a muscle functional use of passive insufficiency

Isometric contraction

muscle contracts but does not change the length

Isotonic contraction

as the muscle contracts, the length and joint angle change

2 types of isotonic contraction

eccentric concentric

Eccentric contraction

joint moves, the muscle appears to lengthen as the origin and insertion move further away from each other

Concentric contraction

joint moves, the muscle shortens and the origin and insertion move closer to each other

Isokinetic

movement occurs, resistance varies, speed stays the same

Isometric contraction in exercises

wall sits planks holding calf raise holding bicep curl

Isometric contraction in functional activity

holding a box

Isotonic contraction in exercises

bicep curls

Isotonic contraction in functional activity

drinking lifting

agonist

muscle that causes the motion

Prime mover

agonist that plays significant part in causing the motion to occur

assisting mover

assists in the production of the movement

Antagonist

muscle that acts opposite of the agonist

Co-contraction

agonist contracts at the same time as the antagonist provides stability

synergist

two or more muscles work in combination to produce a desired movement that can not be performed by a single muscle stabilize a body segment while allowing a desired movement to occur

Closed kinetic chain

distal segment is fixed proximal segment moves

Open kinetic chain

distal segment is free to move

biomechanics

taking the principles and methods of mechanics and applying them to the structure and function of the human body

statics

factors associated with nonmoving or nearly nonmoving systems