Norm Com Exam 1

bilingual

fluent in two languages; uses two languages on a daily basis

language

a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

syntax

organizational rules specifying word order, sentence organization, and word relationships

semantics

aspect of language concerned with the meaning or content of words or grammatical units.

phoneme

the smallest linguistic unit of sounds, each with distinctive features, that can signal a difference in meaning when modified (cat vs bat)

code-switching

process of varying between two or more languages

speech

the dynamic neuromuscular process of producing speech sounds for communication; a verbal (using words) means of expression.

phonology

aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech-sound patterns

sociolinguistic approach

considers that all dialectal variation is to be related to each other and the the idealized standard. Each dialect is a valid rule system and therefore none is better than the other.

communication

the exchange of information, ideas, needs and desires, between two or more individuals

paralinguistic codes

vocal and non-vocal codes that are super imposed on linguistic code to signal the speaker's attitude or emotion or to clarify or provide additional meaning (ex. intonation, stress, rate.

pragmatics

aspect of language concerned with language use within a communication context.

nonlinguistic cues

coding devices that contribute to communication but are not a part of speech. Examples include gestures, body posture, eye contact, head and body movement, facial expression, and physical distance.

dialects

subcategories of a parent language that uses similar but not identical rules.

morphology

aspect of language concerned with the rules governing change in meaning at the intraword level

deficit approach

notion that only one dialect of a language is inherently correct or standard and that others are substandard or exhibit some deficit

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning; indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless units. There are two types free and bound

pragmatics ex

While this utterance takes the form of a sentence, it functions like request for this child.

semantics ex

"Want" is an early mental state word that carries meaning about desire.

morphology ex

Each word in this phrase consists of one smallest unit of meaning. "ed" could be added to the word "want" so that it consists of two units of meaning.

syntax ex

This utterance follows a subject-verb-object sentence pattern

phonology ex

The /k/ sound at the beginning of the word "cookie" is unvoiced.

Transmission model of communicative success

speakers encode meaning into language and transmit the coded language to listeners through some medium, and listeners receive it and then decode meanings.

Alignment model of communicative success

functional negotiation of meanings, goals, people, resources, spaces, and activities- accepting that some degree of miscommunication will remain/occur

Transmission model of learning

novices gaining knowledge and skills from experts through intentional, codified instruction.

Situated learning model

the concept that individuals are always learning- people learn how to participate in communicative interactions through participation- learning is a consequence of every interaction