Microbiology Exam 1

types of microorganisms

bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, protozoa

bacteria characteristics

single-celled organisms
prokaryotes
different shapes such as spherical, rod, or spiral

algae characteristics

single-celled microorganisms
eukaryotic
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
photosynthetic
fresh water and marine enviorments
not a common cause of human disease

viruses characteristics

acellular entities
too small to be seen on microscope
composed of nucleic acid and protein
contains either DNA or RNA
bacteriophage- viruses that infect bacteria

viral diseases

HIV,
· Influenza-associated pediatric mortality
· Measles
· Mumps
· Novel influenza A virus infections, e.g., H1N1
· Poliomyelitis, paralytic
· Poliomyelitis infection, nonparalytic
· Rabies (animal, human)
· Rubella
· Rubella, congenital syndrome
· Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated
o Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) disease
· Smallpox
· Varicella (deaths only)
· Viral Hemorrhagic fever due to:
o Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Arenavirus; Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus; Lassa virus; Lujo virus; New World arenaviruses (Gunarito, Machupo, Junin, and Sabia viruses)
· Yellow Fever

viroids

nucleic acid without a protein coating; smaller than a virus

prions

infectious proteinaecous particles

robert hooke

first person to see something under a microscope (a piece of cork) in 1664

a.v. leeuwenhoek

first person to observe a living organism in 1684. he lived from 1632-1723

ferdinand cohn

founder of bacteriology

louis pasteur

vaccination for rabies, pasteruization, and disproved spontaneous generation

spontaneous generation

The theory that living things emerge from nonliving things

robert koch

developed the germ theory and was the 1st person to isolate harmful pathogens and develop techniques that furthered advancement of microbiology

cell theory

all cells are the fundamental units of life and carry out all basic functions of living things

germ theory of disease

specific microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause specific diseases

fannie hesse

suggested that agar could be used as a solidifying agent

richard petri

developed the petri dish which was used to contain the solid culture media (agar and nutrients)

robert kochs technqiue for studying microorganisms

isolated the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

agar

a polysacchride extracted from certain marine algae and used to solidify medium for growth of microorganisms

examples of each type of microorganism

bacteria- klebsiella pneumoniae cells
algae- micrasterius, a green algae in fresh water
fungus- aspergillus niger
virus- bacteriophages
protozoan- amoeba

algal diseases

none

fungal disease

coccidioidomycosis

protozoan diseases

babesiosis
cryptosporidiosis
cyclosporiasis
giardiasis
malaria

helminth disease

trichinosis

bacteriology

study of bacteria

phycology

study of algae

mycology

study of fungi

protozoology

study of protozoa

parsitology

study of parasites

virology

study of viruses

immunology

how host organisms defend themselves against microbial infection

epidemiology

frequency and distribution of diseases

etiology

cause of disease

infection control

how to control the spread of nosocomial or hospital acquired infections

chemotherapy

the development and use of chemical substances to treat diseases

billroth achievement and year

discovery of round bacteria in chains - 1874

koch 1876 achievement

identification of bacillus antthracis as causative agent of anthrax

koch 1878 achievement

differentiation of staphylococci

laveran and Ross achievement and year

1880- identification of life cycle of malarial parasites in red blood cells of infected humans

pasteur and sternberg achievement and year

1880- isolation and culturing of pneumonia cocci fromo saliva

remlinger and riffat-bey achievement and year

1903- identification of virus that causes rabies

flexner and lewis achievement and year

1909- identification of virus that causes poliomyelits

twort achievement and year

1915- discovery of viruses that infect bacteria

Fleming, Chain, Florey

penicillin

Theiler

Vaccine for yellow fever

Waskman

streptomycin

Watson, crick, and Wilkins

Structure of DNA

ion

a charged atom produced when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons & different numbers of neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

the number of protons and neutrons

atomic mass

Number of proton, neutrons and electrons

element

matter composed of one kind of atom

molecule

when 2 or more atoms combine chemically

compounds

molecules made of atoms with two or more elements

t or f all compounds can be molecules but not all molecules can be compounds

true

hydrogen bonds

weak, dots between two atoms, and form from H with an Oxygen or Nitrogen

cation

A positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

major chmeical elements of life

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

ionic bonds

result from the attraction between ions that have opposite charges

covalent bonds

strong bonds which share pairs of electrons

polar bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar bonds

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

chemical reactions

typically involve the use of energy to form chemical bonds and the release of energy as chemical bonds are broken

polarity

difference in electronegativity

electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

catabolism

breakdown of substances with the release of energy (exergonic)

anabolism

synthesis of substances with energy used to create bonds (endergonic)

classes of complex biochemical molecules from smallest to largest

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

glucose and fructose formula

C6H12O6

carbohydrates

serve as main source of energy for most living things

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

glucose

sugar found in most organism (ATP)

fructose

sugar in fruit

galactose

sugar in milk

ribose

sugar in RNA

deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

hydrophilic

charged polar head

disaccharide

sucrose, lactose, maltose

sucrose

glucose + fructose \= table sugar

lactose

glucose + galactose = milk sugar

maltose

glucose + glucose \= product of starch digestion (beer)

hydrophobic

uncharged nonpolar tails

Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

starch

polymer of glucose stored in plants, digestible by humans

glycogen

polymer of glucose stored in animal liver and skeletal muscles

cellulose

polymer of glucose found in plants, not digestible by humans - digested by some microbes

isomers

contain the same number of atoms with a different arrangement
ex. glucose and fructose

isomer ratio

2 Hydrogens: 1 Oxygen

lipids

structural component of cells and energy source
fats, phospholipids, steroids

types of lipids

fats, phospholipids, steroids - relatively insoluble in water

saturated fatty acid

filled with all the hydrogens it can hold

unsaturated fatty acid

lost at least two hydrogens and therefore have a double bond because the carbon lost its hydrogens

micelle aggregate phospholipid head

charged, polar, hydrophilic

micelle aggregate phospholipid tail

uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic

proteins

composed of amino acids with at least one amino group and one acidic carboxyl

how many amino acids are there

20

amino acids

building blocks

peptide bonds

covalent bond that links an amino group of one amino acid to carboxyl group of another