Water, homeostasis and kidney function

Water

A polar molecule where electrons are not shared equally.

Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance, leading to surface tension.

Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances, allowing water to stick to other polar or uncharged molecules.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypertonic

Solution with a higher solute concentration, causing dehydration like saltwater.

Hypotonic

Solution with a lower solute concentration, leading to cell bursting; e.g., distilled water.

Isotonic

Solutions with equal concentrations, maintaining water balance; e.g., normal saline.

Homeostasis

Process of maintaining internal stability despite external changes through receptors, coordination centers, and effectors.

Vasoconstriction

Reducing blood flow and heat transfer by narrowing blood vessels, e.g., during shivering when cold.

Vasodilation

Widening blood vessel diameter to release heat, e.g., when hot.

Type 1 Diabetes

Develops in childhood, characterized by insulin deficiency and high blood glucose levels.

Type 2 Diabetes

Develops in adults, often obese, with high blood glucose due to impaired insulin utilization.

Kidney Functions

Maintain fluid balance, remove wastes, and selectively reabsorb essential substances.

Renal Vein

Where blood enters the kidney.

Renal Artery

Where blood exits the kidney.

Solute

Substance that gets dissolved, affecting water movement through semi-permeable membranes.

Pancreas Function

Regulates blood sugar, secretes digestive enzymes, and produces insulin and glucagon.

Thermoregulation

Process of maintaining internal temperature around 37°C.

Nephrons

Kidney structures that produce urine and filter blood.

Ultrafiltration

Initial kidney process in Bowman's capsule, filtering blood.

Selective Reabsorption

Process reabsorbing essential substances in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Osmoregulation

Control of water balance in living organisms, occurring in the Loop of Henle.

Kidney Disease

Impairs kidney's blood filtering ability, affecting waste excretion and glucose reabsorption.

Detection of Kidney Disease

Presence of glucose, blood cells, or protein in urine.

Treatment of Kidney Disease

Haemodialysis or transplant for filtering blood and maintaining concentration gradients.