Water, homeostasis and kidney function

Water - is polar (electrons are not shared equally) Water molecule

Cohesion - Attraction between molecules of the same substance Allows resisting low levels of external force: surface tension

Adhesion - An attraction between molecules of different substances Able to stick to other polar/uncharged molecules

Osmosis - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic - Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. Salt water Dehydrate skin cells

Hypotonic - Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution Cells burst due to influx of water Low solute concentration Distilled water

Isotonic - when the concentration of two solutions is the same balance of water movement normal saline 0.9% NaCl solution wound irrigation skin drafting eye drops

Homeostasis - the process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment receptors -> coordination centre -> effectors

Examples of homeostasis - sweating and shivering

Vasoconstriction - Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels. Shivering. If too COLD.

Vasodilation - A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel. If too HOT.

Type 1 Diabetes - Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Type 2 Diabetes - Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Kidney functions - Maintain fluid balance, remove toxic wastes, selectively reabsorb essential substances

Renal vein - Where blood enters the kidney

Renal artery - Where blood exits the kidney

Solute - Any substance that gets dissolved The water moves through the semi-permeable membrane from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution in order to create an equilibrium. Once equilibrium is reached, net movement = 0. -

Pancreas function - regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins

Thermoregulation - Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range. 37°

Nephrons - Produce urine in the kidney; filters blood

Ultrafiltration (1) - First process; occurs in Bowman's capsule of the nephron by the basement mesh, which is located between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Selective reabsorption (2) - Second process; reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones in the proximal convoluted tubule after Bowman's capsule.

Osmoregulation (3) - Final process; control of water balance of blood, tissue, or cytoplasm of a living organism. Occurs in Loop of Henle; salt gradient.

Kidney disease - Impacts the kidney's ability to filter blood; prevents excretion of blood cells and proteins during ultra-filtration, and glucose during selective reabsorption.

Detection of Kidney Disease - Higher presence of glucose/blood cells/protein in urine.

Treatment of Kidney Disease - Haemodialysis: external filtering of the blood via semi-permeable porous membrane: filter out waste dialysis fluid to maintain concentration gradient. 4h, 3x/week. Transplant: grafted onto the abdomen with arteries, veins, and ureter connected to recipient. Must be close genetic match. Avg. US cost: $442,500. -