Intro to Brain Science midterm - korea university

membrane

seperates the inside of the cell from the outside enviornment

nucleus

contains the chromosomes

mitochondrion

performs metabolic activities and provides energy that the cells require

ribosomes

sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

network of thin tubes that transports newly synthesized proteins to their location

how many neurons and synapses r there in the brain

86 billion neurons, 100 trillion synapses

how much does the brain weigh

3lb

monism

mental process is= brain

dualism

mental process = brain + x (soul or some immaterial essence)

cystalized intelligence

remains in tact while aging

nondeclaritive memory (implicit)

remain intact while aging

fluid intelligence

declines with aging

aristotle

believed brain cooled the blood

hippocrates

brain plays a role in producing behavior

andreas vesalius

identified ventricles, rsrch on structure of human body

descrates

mind controls rational behavior. mind located in pineal gland, mind regulates behavior by ditrecting flow of ventricular fluid

what is the problem w/descrates

pineal gland involved in biological rythms not in intelligence or behavior control, fluid not pumped from the ventricles

galvani

biolectriciy (frog leg twitch)

alessandro volta

electricity can be produced outside the body

franz joseph gall/phrenology

pseudoscience based on shape of human skull

santiago ramon y cajal

neuron doctrine: the nervosu system composes of individual and didscrete cells. neurons communicate across tiny gaps not continous networks

paul broca

brocas aphasia (hand), wernickes apasia

genotype

organisms full hereditary info

phenotype

actual observed properties

dendritic spines

further branch out and increase surface area of dendrite

afferent axons

arriving brining info into structure

efferent axon

exit, carrying info away from the structure

interneurons/intristic neurons

neurons with dendrites and axons that are completely contained within single structure

neurons

single transmition; excitable cells

glia

do not carry neural impulse; non excitable

soma/cell body

responsible for metabolic work of the neuron

axons

responsible for transmitting nerve impulses towards other neurons

nodes of ranvier

insulating amterial that contains interruption in mylen sheath

motor neuron

recieves excitation from other neuron, control muscles

sensory neuron

specialized @ one end to be highley sensitive to a type of stimulation

blood brain barrier

mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering

astrocytes

bring more nutrients into brain area, taking up chemicals released by axons

microglia

remove waste material, virsuses and fungi from the brain

oligodendrocites (brain/spinal cord) + schwann cells (periphery of body_

build the myelin sheaeth

list the way action potential workds

resting potential, depolarization, hyperpolarization

action potential

electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron (regenerates at every point)

when do messages develop

disturbances of resting potential

resting state

70mV

concentration gradient

ions move from where they are more → less concentrated

electrical gradient

ions are attracted to areas of opposite charge

sodium

both concentration and electrical gradients push it in but channels are closed the pump pushes back out

potassium

The electrical gradient pulls it in, but the concentration gradient pushes it out. pump ocntinously brings it back in

all or none law

if it happens it happens if it doesnt it doesnt (no inbetween)

Synapse

specialized gap between neurons - where chemicals are transmitted

sherrington

coined the term synapse; signals travel thru seperate neurons

pathway for reflex

sensory neuron → instrinsic neuron → motor neuron → muscle

temporal summation

weak stimuli present @ slightly diff times (creating a strong response)

spatial summation

weak stimuli present @ slightly diff locations (creating a strong response)

sherringtons first observation

an impulse travelling through a synapse is slower than one travelling along an uninterrupted axon

sherringtons third observation

activating one pathway also inhibits another pathway (turn on, turn off)

presynaptic neuron

neuron delivering message

postsynaptic neuron

neuron that recieves the message

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

graded depolarization that decays over time and space getting a neuron closer to firing; increase the # of action potentials above the spontanious firing rate

inhibitory postynaptic potential (IPSP)

temporarily hyperpolarizing a membrane; decrease then # of action potentials below the spontaneous firing rate

spontaneous firing rate

the periodic production of action potentials despite synaptic input (baseline firing rate)

otto lowei

demonstrated communication across the synapse occurs via chemicals

neurotransmission

action potential arrival → calcium influx → neurotransmitter release → receptor binding → postsynaptic response → signal termination

acetylcholine

1st to be identified, muscle contractions, normal attenion, memory and sleep

glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter, activates NMDA receptors, learing memory, excessive levels cause cell damage/cell death

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter. regulates muscle activity control and excitaton inhibition balance

seratonin

sleep quality, mood, depression, anxiety (too much can lead to seizures)

dopamine

assc. w/movement control, emotion, cogntiion (deficits lead to muscle tremors, rigity, difficulty in moving in parkinsons disease)

vesicles

spherical packets located in the presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters r held for disease

iontropic effects

occurring when neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels (occuring quickly)

metabotropic effects

occur when neurotransmitters attach to a receptor and initate sequence of slower and longer lasting metabollic reactions

g-protein activation

coupled to GTP an energy storing molecule activating second messangers

reuptake

presynaptic neuron that recyles neurotranasmitters pulling them through special membrane protein called transporters

inactivation

neurotransmitters broken down by enzymes (ex ACH)

gap junction

the direct contact of the membrane of one neuron w/the membrane of another

hormones

chemicals secreted by glands producing longer changes in body

hypothalamus (anterior pituatary)

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones

hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)

produce oxytocin and vasopresin

somatic nervous system

controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS - part of the PNS

automatic nervous system

controls the heart intestines and other ogans - part of PNS

lamina

row/layer of cell bodies sepedrated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons/dendrites

columm

a set of cells perpindicular to the surface of the cortex, w'/similar properties

sympathetic nervous system

 originate from spinal cord having ganglion cells(thoracic and lumbar regions) (vegetative and nonemergency responses) using epinephrine

parasympathetic nervous system

originate from the brain and sacral spinal cord through long preganglion axons and short postganglionnic fibers attaching to organs (fight or flight) using ACH

medulla

responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing and sneezing

pons

relays info between cerebrum and cerebellum, controls sleep breathing facial movement and sensation

cerebellum

regulate motor movement balance and coordination and shifting attention, timing or rapid movements and executes sequences as a whole (btween auditory and visual)

superior/inferior colliculus

process sensory info

substantia nigra

gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway faciliatating readiness for movement

tegmentum

contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation

forebrain

consists of the outer cortex and subcortical regions, receiving sensory info and controlling motor movement from the contralateral side of the body

frontal lobe

motor coordination. problem solving, thinking planning, decision making

parietal lobe

sensory process attention and language

temporal lobe

auditory information, memory, and emotion

occipital lobe

vision