syste FINALS: Plants

Stomata

used to regulate water evaporation in plants

cuticle

a feature of plants A water repellent ___

Bryophytes

Derived from A Greek word “Bryon” which means Mosses and “Phyca” meaning plant.

Bryophytes

Oldest plants on Earth-400 million years or more.

Bryophytes

do not have true vascular tissues.; Lack leaves; they have leaf-like scales

Bryophytes

lack true roots; root-like structures called rhizoids

rhizoids

Bryophytes lack true roots; root-like structures called __

Bryophytes

Lack true stem

•Ground-hugging

•No lignified tissues

•Moist and humid environment

•Autotrophic & Saprophytic

Bryophytes

this have three divisions:

Division Hepatophyta(Liverworts)

•Division Anthocerophyta(Hornworts)

•Division Bryophyta(Mosses)

Division Hepatophyta(Liverworts)

•Division Anthocerophyta(Hornworts)

•Division Bryophyta(Mosses)

what are the three divisions of bryophytes

Division Bryophyta

also known as mosses

mosses

Division Bryophyta is also known as what __

Division Bryophyta

Body of the moss is usually leafy-like

•Prefer in damp, shaded locations in temperate zones

Division Bryophyta

•Dioecious

•Usually 1-10 cm tall

•Female mosses produce sporangia born on stalks on the tip of the thallus

Division Hepatophyta

is also known as liverworts

liverworts

Division Hepatophyta is also known as __

Division Hepatophyta

Small, 2-20 mm wide, less than 100 mm

-thallus liverworts

a type of liverworts that is protrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure (thallus)

leafy liverworts

a type of liverworts that is a flattened “stem” with overlapping scales or leaves in three ranks

Division Anthocerophyta

is also known as hornworts

hornworts

Division Anthocerophyta is also known as __

Division Anthocerophyta

Grow as a thin rosette or ribbon-like gametophyte thallus

Division Anthocerophyta

Unique feature-erect, photosynthetic, horn-like sporophytes arising from thallus

•Some can live with association of Nostoc

Interpolation hypothesis

a theory explaining the origin of land plant alternation of generations. It proposes that the earliest plants were haploid, gamete-producing gametophytes (the dominant phase).

Transformation hypothesis

addresses the evolutionary origin of the prominent sporophyte generation in vascular plants (like ferns and flowering plants). It proposes that early land plants had similar-looking gametophyte and sporophyte generations, and that the modern sporophyte evolved through the direct physical modification and elaboration of this existing form.

sporophylls

Sporangia develop laterally (relative to the stem) in the axils of specialized leaves termed ___

strobilus or cone

Aggregate of sporophyllswith associated sporangia, is known as a __ or _ __.

Selaginellaceae

Spirally arranged vegetative leaves that are isomorphic;

Heterosporous, endosporic, ligule in the leaf.

Isoetaceae

With a small corm-like stem that has roots attached below and leaves above.

Monilophytes

Spore-bearing, vascular, non-flowering; Curling of young frond forming fiddle heads or croziersor circinatevernation.

Monilophytes

Megaphyllous, laminais traverse by many veins and usually large.

Sporangia born on sori(sorus) usually found in the lower part of the leaves.

Ophioglossales

Fronds consists of a sterile segment, which contains the photosynthetic blade or lamina, and a fertile segment.

Ophioglossales

The underground rhizome gives rise to unbranched roots that lack root hairs.

Psilotales

lack true roots, an apomorphy for the group (only absorptive rhizoids arise from the rhizome)

Psilotales

Leaves are very reduced and peglike and may lack a vascular strand

Psilotales

Fused synangium, with forked appendage

Equisetales

• Ribbed Stems

• Reduced, whorled leaves that are usually marginally fused

Equisetales

• Sporangiophores

• Photosynthetic spores with elaters

Marattiales

•The sporangia are fused into a common structure, a synangium

synangium

•The sporangia of marattiales are fused into a common structure, a ___

Marattiales

A distinctive apomorphyof the ___the occurrence of a polycyclic siphonostele

Polypodiales

• Leptosporangiate Ferns

• Horizontal stem- rhizome

• Leaf= frond; Petiole= stipe

• Ultimate leaflets or blade divisions are called pinnules

Ferns

consists of a single axis, either a vertical shoots or a horizontal rhizome, that bears both true roots and megaphyllousleaves.

Ginkgophyta

-a “relict species”

Coniferophyta

-Dioecious

-Small to large, evergreen trees

-Distributed in both tropical and

temperate regions

-Pine cones as reproductive parts

Araucariaceae

•Evergreen trees

•Spirally arranged, narrow or broad leaves often with parallel veins.

Podocarpaceae

•Evergreen trees and shrubs

•Most diverse group among conifers

• 19 genera

•7 genera in the Philippines

Cupressaceae

•Cypress family

•Shrubs to large trees

•Monoecious or Subdioecious

•Thujais commonly cultivated in the Philippines.

Taxaceae

•Yew family

•Small trees and shrubs

•Spirally-arranged leaves

•Taxuswallichianain the

Philippines

Gnetophyta

•Gnetum(Gnetaceae)

•Welwitschia(Welwitschiaceae)

•Ephedra (Ephedraceae)

•Members have vessel elements •Closely related to Angiosperms