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What is flamborough head?
A resistant chalk headland which illustrates how wave erosion can produce classic arch m stack and wave cut platform features.
What is Hornsea Holderness coast?
Holiday resort with a pomernade and hotel frontage
Beach is of great importance both as a tourists feature and a means of protection the search from wave erosion and winter flooding
Gryones have been repaired and now ones built at a coast of over 5.2million. Sand dunes in the south beach are being planted with trees
Advantages:
Groynes seen locally effective
Relatively low cost
Acceptable visually
Development of low-lying land
Is now possible
Disavantages:
Trapping of sand may have caused scour at Mappleton
Gryones work on there own, maintenance is continual and groynes do not hold mud.
What does scour mean?
The removal of sediment material from the bed or banks of a watercourse. The gryones at Hornsea scour at Mappleton because it ‘starves’ it from sediment.
Why is the future bleak for Holderness coast?
May villages will be lost to the sea
Land loss for for farmer
Climate change may increase erosion rates → higher sea level → more storms
Fastest eroding coastline in Europe → 29 villages
Defences will need maintaining + replacing (expesnsive)
Loss of land →farmland → caravan park - gold courses - habitat as
Boulder clay extremely susceptible to erosion
Large feta h, high energy waves
Hard engineering strategies may increase erosion elsewhere.
Why is the future bright at Holderness coast?
Key assets are being protected
Settlements protected e.g Hornsea
River estuary unaffected
Barmston drain protected
Flamborough head is hard rock (resisted to erosion)
Easignton gas terminal protected
What are social and environmental impacts of the part odisha case study?
Create jobs - good for economy → proves wealth for local people → increase in wellbeing and quality of life.
Environemental impacts →habitat loss, pollution of coastal zone, oil spills from larger ships, visual + noice pollution, major impact on sediment transfer along the cost - areas starved of sediment
What are mangrove forests? (Odisha)
Groups of trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone
50 different species of mangrove trees, growing in low oxygen soil, where low - moving waters allow time sediment to accumulate
Dense tangle of roots that makes the trees appear to be standing on stilts above the wave
The roots slow down the movement of tidal waters, causing sediment to settle out of the water and build up the muddy bottom.
What is alluvium?
Material deposited by river
Developed int he lower part of the course of a river, forming flood plains and deltas, but may be deposited at any point where the river overflows its or where the velocity of a river is sheltered- e.g when it runs into a leve or ocean
What is a delta?
River transports huge amounts of sediment down stream → alluvium by ‘river load’.
When the river enters the sea, the velocity drops to 0, so large scale deposition of alluvium
Over many years their builds into a ‘delta’
Rivers may become overwhelmed with sediment leading to large scale deposition and the formation of ‘islets’ (islands of sediments) and this may cause the river to have too split into distributaries to reach the sea.
Excellent farmland (very fertile)
High food risk
What is the:
Pop distuburtion
Length of coastline
Number of deltas
Local name of coastline
Names of 3 rivers with mouths on the oldish coast
New mangrove forest
Of odisha coast?
Bulk of it on coastal plains
480km
6
Heradtail region
Mahandi, Brahani, buitarumi
145km2
What is the Chilima lake, Odiash coast?
Has bird life
A brackish salty lagoon
During mangrove season it becomes less saline because unit is diluted by rainwater
Good example of temporary store in the water cycle - beach that has created the lake is a store
What is the odisha coastal system?
Odisha coast is essential on deposition of sediment (alluvium). Comprising of several major deltas. Significant sediment for this part of the bay of Bernal. Provide important transfers of sediment into the region in forming detail deposits.
Why was the ICZM necessary for Odisha coast?
Hard engineering structure have increased erosion elsewhere - government in charge of Odisha didn’t want to sacrifice areas (vs holderness).
Odisha coast is highly dynamic, only 14.4% is stable. A holistic approach to coastal management was needed.
Who was in charge of what parts in the ICZM at Odisha coast??
central government:
Archeology department of culture
Fisheries department
Water resources department
State and local government:
Odisha tourism and development corp
Odisha pollution control board
Odisha mangroves authorities
Other:
Green peace
Handicraft and cottage industries
Wold bank
What was Odisha coast ICZM plans?
Manage coastal erosion without impacting other areas
Reduce coast like vulnerability’s (storm surged, Tsunami and storms)
Protect biodiversity
Promote livelihood security for coastal population
Monitor and reduce current levels of coastal pollution
Promote culture and archeology heritage of the coastal area.
What happened to help Odisha coast? (How did they deliver on their promises?
Build more cyclone shelters
Soft engineering - replanting the conservation of mangrove forests, establish salt marshes areas by the planting sea grass
Establish conservation areas and protected plants.
Grants to establish eco tourism businesses to take advantage of biodiversity and coastal attraction
Urban planning zones to limit shoreline development
Limit expansion of aqauaculture
What is happening to the Irrawaddy dolphins and olive ridely sea turtles?? (Odisha coast)
Odisha Chilkalake (one o the largest brackish water lakes in the world) is one of Indias hotspots of biodiversity, including the rare Irrawaddy dolphins
The turtles are at risk from uncontrollable mechanise fishing in prohibited areas, the non use of turtle exclusive devices and insensitive tourism.
What is the Odisha ICZM project working on/where?
2 stretches of coastline: Golpalpur-chike and parddip-Dhamara
In these areas they are seeking to plant mangroves and other shelterbelt species, protect olivia ridely sea turtles and other aquatic life
Shoreline protection in village at Penthal
What is the local community doing?
Trained to plant mangrove nurseries and protect them → 200 hectares have already been planted
Raise awareness among locals and tourists are being sensitised
Community being trained and armed to function as boatmen and guards to prevent poaching of turtles
Solid waste management shyster for the coastal town of paradise
What are they doing to improve the livelihood of resource-dependent communities?
Small-scale community-based tourism is being developed
Trained to get boatmen, guides and dolphin spotters.
About 400,000 people from 235 coastal villages are expected to benefit through these measures.
How are endangered species being protected?
Motor boat traffic around the China lake is being regulated
3000 plus fishing and tourist boats are being converted into eco-friendly vessels.
Monitoring and management of lake water
Wetlands research centre is being established to expand knowledge about the areas of fish species
Efforts under the worlds first program to promote the estuary crocodiles → already successful
Has increased croc numbers from 8 in 1975 to 1600 today.
Why is the mahandi delta important?
Provides habitats for a wide variety of wildlife
What declined the population of mangrove forests?
Due to development of fisheries and other economic demands
What happened to the eve Rae width of Mangrove in the last 500yrs?
Odisha coast had5.1km of mangrove protection, it now has 1.2km
How did cyclone Kaliner demonstrate the impact of mangroves to human occupation of the coast?
Where 4+ of the mangrove no human deaths reported. Where it was 3km wide and less the death toll rose sharply.
What was the difference in the deaths of the 1999 vs 2013 cyclones? (Odisha coast)
1999 = super cyclone → 10,000 - 15,000 deaths
2013 = cyclone praline → 34 - 45 deaths
What were the responses to the 19999 Odisha super cyclone?
took 3 days for relief efforts to begin
5 days after storm, the co-ordination centre consisted of 6 workers and 2 telephones
India turned down a United Nations for an inter nation fundraiser, but countries including, uk, us and Canada, sent donations of about 20.8 million pledged from March.
What was the verdict and media coverage of the 199 Odisha coast?
Verdict =government accused of being slow and ineffective with little funding. As of April, the government still has yet to realise the $200mil promise
Media coverage = didnt make headline for any UK news.
Why were the impacts of the 1999 Odisha cyclone so server and what were the preventions?
Why were the impacts so sever:
Preparation and prediction
Government saw cyclone on satellite but couldn’t warn people due to poor literacy rates and 48% didn’t have access to a radio
Preventions?
Only 27 cyclone shelters for 20million people, low building regulations and unsafe
Villages are isolated with little access.
What does mitigate, adaptions and resilience mean?
Mitigate = reduce impacts and tackling it head on
Adaption = living with challenges
Resilience = methods aimed to enabling people to live. E.g increasing people ability to cope
What was the mitigation of the 2013 Odisha cyclone, Phalin?
News forecasting and evacuation procedures
Meteorologists have improved accuracy
By time warnings were announced, 400,000 people had evacuated → total eventually 1.7million
$225 million spent on mitigation projects
Replanting mangroves
Stricter building codes
What was the mitigation of the 2013 Odisha cyclone, Phalin?
600 buildings deemed evacuation shelters
24hr news channels for broadcasting
Creating news programmes for emergency alerts
Better communication and access routes between villages that would be isolated
1000 evacuation roads → 23 access bridged
Upgrade slums in hardest hit towns
What was the resilience for the 2013 Odisha cyclone, Phailin?
Fishermen have been issued radios for communication
Mobile phones are more accessible to people
Education people on the risks of cyclones
New instalments of the 24hr evacuaten directions.
How is the future bleak for Odisha coast?
Because of climate change, tropical storms are more frequent
Mangroves have been removed (buffer)
Pop increase means more people at risk
Unstable coastline - 26.6 erosion rates, 14.4% of the coast is stable
Sea level rise will increase erosion rates - vulnerability to storm surge as coast low lying flat ground
Developments along coast such as ports/hard engineering structures has interfered with natural processes such as longshore drift and take away other areas of sediment.
Why is the future bright for Odisha coast?
Comparing 1999 to 2014 death toll is less- shows how technology can improve protectiveness of coast
Mangrove replanting projects(e.g mahadi delta) provides habitats an crucial protection from tropical storms and storm surges
Better forecasting of storms and better communication/education of public
Fertile soil associated with the 6 deltas provide good farmland]
ICZM used to ensure that the coastline is sustainable from all aspects - economic, social and environmental
What is the background to Holderness coast?
Holderness is an example of a high-energy, dynamic coastline that is subject to significant wave action and erosion
The coastline is made up of mainly soft boulder clay cliffs, that are easily eroded by strong coastal currents and waves of North Sea.
What is the background of Odisha coast?
The Odisha coastal plains, this region is the combination of several deltas of varied sizes and shapes formed by the major rivers of Odisha.
Locates in he eastern part of the Indian Peninsula and the Bay of Bengal.
What is a landform?
Land forms is an area created by the combination of weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition. The impact of these process in an area will depend upon factors such as geology and climate.
What are landscapes?
The combination of landforms in an area may dread a landscape with clear characteristic’s.
Geology apples a significant role in influencing their characteristics.
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