ch 15 digestive system and nutrition

what are the two types of digestion

chemical mechanical

what does chemical digestion entail

Use of enzymes to break down macromolecules into building blocks

what is the name of the canal stemming from the mouth to the an*s?

alimentary canal

what are the 4 layers of the alimentary wall

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa membrane

what is the innermost layer of the alimentary wall and waht does it produce

mucosa, mucus

what does the submucosa contain

nerves, blood/lymph vessels, glands

what type of muscle does the muscularis have

smooth muscle

what covers the alimentary canal wall

serosa membrane

what is contained in the lips

sensory receptors for temp and texture

what does saliva contain (2 things & their purpose)

mucus that lubes food, amylase enzyme that digests carbs

what are the three salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

hard palate is ____ in roof of mouth (position)

ventral

soft palate is _____ in roof of mouth (position)

dorsal/posterior

what does the uvula do? what is it attached to?

blocks the nasopharynx during swalloing. attached to soft palate.

what structure connects the mouth to the esophagus

pharynx aka throat

what prevents food from entering the lungs?

epiglottis covering over the trachea

what are the three prefixes for pharynx

oro laryngo naso

what connects the pharynx to the stomach

esophagus

what is a bolus

chewed mass of food

what moves bolus downward to the stomach

peristaltic waves from smooth muscle

what 2 structures controls what enters and exits the stomach?

lower esophageal sphincter at the beginning, pyloric sphincter at end

T/F the stomach churns and mixes food with its secretions

true

what are the secretions of the stomach ? what does each do? 4

mucus (protects stomach from own acid) hydrochloric acid (activates pepsinogen) pepsinogen (turns to pepsin (from HCl) which digest proteins) intrinsic factor (helps small intestine to absorb vit b12)

what hormone stimulates gastric secretion?? why?

gastrin hormone bc of stomach distension

T/F water salts alcohol and drugs are absorbed in the stomach

true

what are the sections of the small intestine (start to end) (3)

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what stimulates seceretion of brush border enzymes

stretching of the small intestine

what are the 5 brush border enzymes and what do they digest (theres a pattern) (5)

peptidase → digest proteins
lipase → digest fats
sucrase → digest sucrose
lactase → digest lactose
maltase → digest maltose

what moves food along the small intestine

peristaltic contraction

where does absorption of most nutrients occur?

small intestine

(small intestine) what are lipids absorbed into? what are other nutrients absorbed into?

lacteals, capillaries

what increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine? 3

long length, circular folds, milli and microvilli

what is contained in mesentery? what does it do?

contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. also suspends organs

what does the liver produce? where is it stored

produces bile stored in the gall bladder

what is bile made of

pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes

bile is released into the duodenum in response to

CCK hormone

what molecule does bile break down? what is the word for this process?

lipids, emulsification

what are some functions of the liver

bile secretion, carb lipid protein metabolism, blood filtering, detoxification, storage

what hormones stimulate pancreas secretion

secretin and cck

what are the enzymes in pancreatic juice and their functions (4)

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase → digest proteins
amylase → digests carbs
lipase → digests nucleic acids
bicarbonate ion → neutralizes acidic chyme so enzymes can work

large intestine characteristics 3

absorbs h2o and salts, produces mucus, hosts microorganism activity

what strcuture connects the small intestine to the large intestine

ileocecal sphincter

what is the appendix attached to?

cecum

what are the 4 parts of the colon

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

what controls the release of feces during defecation? where is this found

an*l sphincter. in an*l canal

what is feces (made of)

undigested materials, h2o, mucus, ions bacteria

where is feces stored

in the rectum

what are nutrients?

chemicals taken in the body providing energy and building blocks for new mlcs

what are the 3 macronutrients

carbs lipids proteins

what foods can you get lipids from

meats and nuts

t/f all macronutrients are energy source

true

sources of protein? (2) (2)examples of protein?

meat and beans, enzymes and hormones

what are the two micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

which micronutrient also functions as a coenzyme? what is it soluble in?

vitamins. fat and h2o

two types of minerals

major and minor

4 ways of malnutrition

poor eating choices, obesity, disordered eating, hunger