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centrosome
The , which had undergone duplication during the S phase of interphase, now begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell.
haploid cells
Four are formed at the end of meiosis II.
replication of DNA
There is no during interkinesis.
multinucleate condition
In some organisms, karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis as a result of which arises leading to the formation of syncytium (e.g., liquid endosperm in coconut)
Interkinesis
is followed by prophase II, much simpler prophase than prophase I.
Diakinesis
represents the transition to metaphase.
Mitosis
or the equational division is usually restricted to the diploid cells only.
Meiosis
is the mechanism by which conservation of a specific chromosome number of each species is achieved across generations in sexually reproducing organisms, even though the process, per se, paradoxically, results in a reduction of chromosome number by half.
convenience mitosis
Though for has been divided into four stages of nuclear division (karyokinesis), it is very essential to understand that cell division is a progressive process and very clear- cut lines can not be drawn between various stages.
G2 phase
During the , proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis while cell growth continues.
cell cycle
The is divided into two basic phases.
Prophase
is marked by the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material.
process of evolution
Variations are very important for the .
homologous chromosomes
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between two .
sexual reproduction
The production of offspring by includes the fusion of two gametes, each with a complete haploid set of chromosomes.
G1 phase
During the , the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA.
number of chromosomes
Since the in the parent and progeny cells is the same, it is also called equational division.
Gametes
are formed from specialized diploid cells.
equatorial plate
The bivalent chromosomes align on the .
animal cells
In , during the S phase, DNA replication begins in the nucleus, and the centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm.
M Phase
The represents the phase when the actual cell division or mitosis occurs.
chromosomal material becomes
The untangled during the process of chromatin condensation.
growth of multicellular organisms
The is due to mitosis.
Chromosomes
are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere.
initiation of DNA
It corresponds to the interval between mitosis and replication.
S
or synthesis phase marks the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place.
M Phase
The starts with the nuclear division, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosomes (karyokinesis), and usually ends with the division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)