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Cellular Organelle
A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
Nucleus
Contains DNA and regulates the structure and function of the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A network of tubules responsible for transporting proteins.
Smooth ER
Site of lipid production within the cell.
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes that produce proteins.
Ribosomes
Protein factories that contain ribosomal RNA.
Lysosomes
Organelles with digestive enzymes that destroy unwanted cells and materials.
Autolysis
The process of self-destruction of a cell.
Heterolysis
The digestion of foreign material by lysosomes.
Golgi Apparatus
The protein packaging center of the cell that processes and secretes proteins.
Mitochondria
The "battery" of the cell that produces ATP through aerobic respiration.
Cell Membrane
A semi-permeable barrier that separates intracellular and extracellular environments.
Cytoplasm
The gel-like internal fluid that holds organelles within the cell.
Pathogenesis
The development of an acute, chronic, or recurrent disease.
Histology
The microscopic study of tissue.
Diagnosis
The process of determining the condition that explains present symptoms.
Prognosis
The likely course a disease will take based on severity and diagnostic tests.
Risk Factors
Events or exposures that increase the likelihood of developing a disease.
Precipitating Factors
Factors that make one susceptible to illness, often genetic.
ATP
The energy currency of the cell used in various cellular processes.
Aerobic Metabolism
Metabolism that requires oxygen and occurs in mitochondria, yielding 34 ATP.
Anaerobic Metabolism
Metabolism that occurs without oxygen, yielding 2 ATP and pyruvic acid.
Glycoproteins
Surface markers on cells that identify them as part of the individual’s own tissues.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
A mechanism that requires energy to move Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane.
Atrophy
The decrease in cell size.
Hypertrophy
The increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia
The increase in the number of cells.
Metaplasia
The replacement of one cell type with another.
Dysplasia
Deranged cell growth characterized by abnormal size, shape, and organization.
Neoplasia
New, disorganized, uncontrolled cell growth, often forming a tumor.
Benign
Tumors that are usually localized, well-differentiated, and do not metastasize.
Malignant
Tumors that are poorly differentiated, have a higher likelihood of metastasis, and poorly defined borders.
Hypoxia
A condition of low oxygen delivery that can lead to cell injury or death.
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