BIOL 120 Lab Exam 2

How do you express a recessive phenotype

Both alleles have to be recessive

Punnet squares

predictions of inheritance

What do the circles of a punnet square represent

The gametes produced by each parent

What is the probability of a kid being recessive

25%

Types of inheritance

single, multilevel, hierarchical, multiple, and hybrid

Co-dominance

individuals who have different blood types exhibit co-dominance as they are both expressed

Incomplete dominance

mixing or blending of alleles

Example of incomplete dominance

blending and red and white flower make a pink flower

Monohybrid cross

look at one set of allele, characteristic, trait

Dihybrid cross

when two individuals are crossed that are gonna be heterozygous for two different traits

Pedigrees

can tell us about a family’s genetic information and their diseases

4 types of evidence that support theory of evolution

fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, biochemistry/molecular biology

Fossil

have once lived in the past and preserved

Embryology

ability to look at organisms’ embryo and realize how they have similar features: nerve chord, notochord, gill slits, post anal tail

Comparative anatomy

organisms sharing common ancestors

Homologous structure

share the same feature

Example of homologous structure

Human and bat since they share a common ancestor

Analogous structure

have features that serve the same function but with different anatomy

Example of analogous structure

Butterfly wing and bat wing as they share the same function but have different ancestors

Biochemistry

study of the chemical processes within and relating to living organisms

What types of leaves do conifer plants have

Spiky pointed leaves

What are the rounded spots on ferns called

Sori

Stigma of a flower

sticky tip of the flower

Anther

produces pollen

What do petals on flowers do

Attract pollinators

Which group of plants do not have vascular systems?

Bryophytes

What plant produces cones

Gymnosperms, pine trees

Are nuts a fruit?

Yes

Features of a monocot flower

3 petals, parallel leaves, one cotyledon

Features of a dicot flower

4-5 petals, net-like leaves, two cotyledon

Cell theory

allloving organisms are made of cells

Surface area

volume ration - want surface area to be larger than volume for cells

Cladograms

reflect the evolutionary history of a species

Which has a better diffusion rate

whichever looks like it has microvilli or villi

Commensalism

when one benefits while the other isn’t harmed

Sea otter on environment

they are a keystone species that play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of kelp forests

Coelomate

organs are suspended in body cavity by mesodermal tissue like humans

Cnidarians

radial symmetry, cnidocytes stinging cells, body plans that are either polyp or medusa

Polyp cnidaria

sessile positon

Medusa cnidaria

free-moving and moving

Annelida

are an example of segmented worms that include earthworms and leeches

Do sponges have tissue

No

Sea jelly phylum is

Phylum Cnidaria

Do flatworms have a digestive system?

No

Sea star

echinoderm; larva has bilateral symmetry while adults have radial symmetry