micro lecture chapter 1

What is micro biology?

The study of living things too small to be seen without a microscope

Pathogens

Bad microorganisms

What are the 5 living microorganisms

Fungi, protozoans, algae, helminths, bacteria

What is the only nonliving microorganism

Viruses

Why is a virus nonliving?

It needs a host to survive

What does ubiquitous mean

Found everywhere

What does cosmopolitan mean

Widespread; globally distributed

Bacteria makes their own food and oxygen by what process?

Photosynthesis

Biotechnology

Humans manipulate microbes to make products in an industrial setting

Genetic engineering

Alter, add, or remove DNA of an organism to create new products

Genetically modifying organisms (GMO’s)

Bioremediation

Microbes in the environment helping to restore and clean toxic pollutants

Recombine DNA technology

Technology used to make GMO’s capable of making proteins

Pathogenic microorganisms mostly cause what disease

Upper respiratory tract infections

What are emerging diseases

An infectious illness that has newly appeared in a population

(COVID-19)

What are re-emerging diseases

Diseases that never go away and increase

What is a deliberately emerging disease

Diseases that were created in a lab

Viruses

• nonliving

• Needs a host

• Not all are pathogenic

Bacteria

• not all are pathogenic

• Prokaryotes

• Living

what are the 2 types of fungi

• yeast

• Molds

Yeast

• unicellular

Not all are pathogenic

What are the eukaryotic microorganisms

• fungi

• Helminths

• Protists

• Immune cells

What is the prokaryotic microorganisms

Bacteria

Molds

Multicellular

Protozoa 2 types

• Protozoa (intracellular)

• Helminths (multicellular)

Characteristic of prokaryotic microorganisms

• NO membrane- bound organelles

• NO nucleus

• Unicellular

• Smaller in size

• Has a cell wall

• Asexual reproduction

• One circular chromosome

• 70S ribosomes

• Divided by binary fission (simple)

Characteristics of eukaryotic microorganisms

• HAS membrane- bound organelles

• HAS a nucleus

• Unicellular and multicellular

• Bigger in size

• Asexual and sexual reproduction

• Multiple linear chromosomes

• Has a cell wall in plants but not animals

• 80S ribosomes

• Divides by mitosis (complex)

What does the S ribosomes mean

Svedberg unit which is the sedimentation rate

Characteristics of viruses

• A cellular (do not have cells)

• Simple design and structure

• Infects both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• Contains DNA or RNA

• Only living when enters host

• Small in size

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Father of microbiology

John Hunter

Discovered that syphilis and gonorrhea were caused by a single pathogen

Edward Jenner

Made the worlds first vaccine

John Snow

• located the source of cholera outbreak

• One of the founders of modern epidemiology

What is epidemiology

The scientific study of how diseases and health conditions cur in a population and why

Louis Pasteur

• Discovered the principle of fermentation

• Invented pasteurization

• Created the first vaccines for rabies and Bacillus anthrax

What is fermentation

The ability to breakdown microorganisms into alcohol, sugar, and other things

What is pasteurization

Treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination

Robert Koch

• linked pathogens to a specific disease

  (so Bacillus anthracis only causes anthrax)

Koch’s statement

1. The sick should have the pathogen and the healthy should NOT

2. scientist should be able to get the pathogen out of the infected and grow it in a lab

3. Infecting the healthy with the pathogen should only cause that specific disease and nothing else

4. The newly infected should have the same pathogen as the first group

Alexander Fleming

Discovered the first effective antibiotic (Penicillin G) from the mold Penicillium notatum

Binomial nomenclature

• specific 2 names

• Includes a genus

• Includes a species

• Italicized or underlined

Levels of classification

• domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history and restlessness among groups of living things

Bacteria and archaea domains

Cellularly related

Archaea and eukarya domains

Closely related