SCIENCE test review sick humans

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids.

How many different amino acids are there?

There are 20 different amino acids.

What is the significance of the shape of a protein?

The shape of a protein is crucial to its function; alterations can disrupt function.

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

Why are enzymes important in biological processes?

They lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur, making processes more efficient.

What does heredity refer to?

The passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes.

What is a dominant allele?

A dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele.

What is a recessive allele?

A recessive allele is only expressed when an individual has two copies of that allele.

What is the difference between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive?

Homozygous dominant has two identical dominant alleles (e.g., AA); homozygous recessive has two identical recessive alleles (e.g., aa).

Define the term genotype.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., Aa, BB).

Define the term phenotype.

Phenotype refers to the physical expression of traits (e.g., brown eyes, tall).

What is DNA made of?

DNA is a double helix made up of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases.

What are the DNA base pair rules?

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

What is the RNA base pair rule for Adenine?

In RNA, Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U).

What is coding DNA?

Sequences that are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins.

How can the environment influence genes?

Environmental factors can influence gene expression through epigenetics.

What is a Punnett square used for?

To predict the genetic outcome of a cross between two organisms based on their genotypes.

What are the steps of DNA to RNA transcription?

Initiation, elongation, termination.

What does AUG code for in amino acids?

Methionine.

What is lactose intolerance?

A condition where the body cannot properly digest lactose due to a lack of the enzyme lactase.

What is chromatin?

The uncoiled form of DNA found in the nucleus.

What happens to chromosomes during the S phase?

Each chromosome is replicated, but the total number remains 46.

What is interphase?

The phase of the cell cycle before mitosis, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.

What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

To ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly and repairs any issues before proceeding.

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

What is cancer?

A disease that occurs due to mutations in genes controlling cell division, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.

What are mutations?

Changes in the DNA sequence, which can be substitutions, deletions, or insertions.

What is leukemia?

A type of cancer where the body produces abnormal white blood cells.