Geography final study guide

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what are the 5 themes of geography?

location,place, region, human envirnment interaction, and movement

Greenwich England

the place where the prime meridian goes thorugh located at 0 degrees longitude

Poles

north pole = 90 degrees north south pole is oposite

Relief

change in elevation

GPS

global positionaling system: uses seriers of navastar satilites to beam info to earth

GOES

geostatonary operational envirnment statalite: orbits in sync with earths rotation and collects info on earths climate and atmospheric conditions

GIS

Geographic information systems: a digital geographic DATABASE

Landsat

seriers of satilites that can scan earth in 16 days

Pangea

term coined by alfread wegener to name the earths peices when they were all together

Earth location from the sun

third planet in the solar system from the sun

asteroides

big chuncks of rock orbiting the sun inbetween the inner and outer planets

comets

icy spheres orbiting the sun made of gas, dust and rock

tides

the regular rising and falling of the ocean, created by the graviational pull of the moon or sun.

Ogallala Aquifer

largest underwater stoarge area in the USA. location in the western plains

Contenental shelf

sea floor from continents edge to the deep ocean

Relief (again)?

diffrence inlandform elevation from lowest to highest point

islands are formed by

volcanoes, sand and coral deposites

Plate boundries

places where two plates are next to each other, forming a boundry

divergent boundery

by spreading or moving apart, they form trenches or mts.

subduction

diving under another plate

convergent

coming together

collision

crashing together (includes convergent) both make mts.

slip strike

slide past each other in a grinding motion

convergent boundry (def)

subduction and collision

transform boundry def

slip strike

earthquakes

occours when plates grind or slip at a fault line

focus

location IN SIDE the earth where an earthquakle begins

epicenter

the point directly ABOVE the focus on the earths surface

Richter scale (movmnet mag)

numeric scale showing relative strength of earthquakes

3 Volcanoe types

sheild, cinder cone, and composite

pahoehoe lava is

smooth and creamy

Aa lava is

chunky

pyroclastic flow is

terriable hot cloud of death

ring of fire

zone around the rim of the pacific ocean that is the meeting point of 8 tectonic plates.

sediment

mud sand and slit created by the weathering process

weathering

process that change or break apart rock into smaller peices: includes--→ mechanical: breaks aapart, chemical: breaks apart and changes composition

erosion

when weathered rock MOVES by wind, water, ice or gravity

loess

windblown silt and clay sediment, produces fertile soil. (word sounds like lays)

delta

when a river deposites sediment at an ocean, and creats a fan like landform

glaciation and glaciers

glaciation is the changing of landforms by slow moving glaciers, and glaciers are large long lasting masses of ice that form in mountianus areas.

Moraine

hill or ridge formed by rocks depositied by glaciers (terminal ver is the end and lateral is the side)

fjord

u shaped valley formed by glaciation outlets to the sea,

climate (causes of )

SWPCLEA

precipitation formation 3

convectional, frontal, and orographic

cenvectional formation

hot air risees, cools, realeases vapor, clouds or rain

frontal formation

warm moist air hits a wall of cold dry aie causesing an uplift then rain

orographic formation

warm moist air rises over a mnt barrier and then rains onn the wayward side.

soil detirmsins

vegitation vegitation detirmss human activity

culture

knolage, attitudes and behaviors that are sharedd over generations of people

ethnic group

group of people who share a language, custums, heritage and genetics

diffusion

spread of ideas, inventions or patterns of behavior

acculturation

society changes because it accepts invovation

Christianity

teachings of jesus christ, holy book is the biible, it is the largest religion with about 2.3 billion followers, only rweligion where salvaation is a free gift from good.

Judism

made by a convanant with abraham in 2200 BC, holy book is the torah, they wait for a messiah

islam

1\.9 billion followers, based on the teachings of the alleged prohet Muhammad, started in 622 AD in the Arabian penisulla. Worship Allah and the holy book is the Qur’an. Salvation must be earned by following the 5 pillars,

hinduism

polythesitic, started in india around 4,000 years ago (3000 BC) has a caste system, the scared book is the Vedas, and believes in reincarnation

Buddhism

offshoot of hinduism, started around 562 BC in india, founded by Siddhartha Gautama called the budda. looks for nirvana and to end sugfering through following the middle way through the eightfold path,

rate of natural increase

population growth figured bt subracting the mortailty rate from the birthrate

push and pull factors

push factors are bad, drought and war. and pullffacorts are good like favoraable economy and climate.

carrying capacity

the number of people an aera can supprot based on fwertile land, level of tech and economic prospierity

population denity

avar. number of ppl living in an area by sq mile or km.

state

an independt polictical unit offen refered to as a country

nation

unified groupp with a common culture living in a territary

nation state

nation and state occupying the same territory ie japan

democracy

citizens hol polictical power via voting

monarcy

poer held by a king or queen

distaorship

group of individual holds al the power

communism

power is held only by the government in peoples name

landlocked

no direct outlet to the ocean

boundry types (US/Can/Mexico)

natueal or artifical (rivers or lakes vrs latitude/longitiude)

Basic land use:

residental, industrial, and commercial

top 3 us cities

new york, los angeles, chicago

economy system types

command, market, mixed, traditioal (barter)

substiense agriculture

food raised for personal consumtions and LDCs

market oriented argiculture

raising food to sell to other MDCs

cottage industrries

small, home based industrual production

econamny activity levels

primary, secondary, tertiary, quatrinary

primary (economy)

involves gathering raw materials for immidiate use

secondary economy

adds vaule to material by changing its form

tertiary economy

involves business or professional services

quatranary econmy

provides information, manaagment and research servives

gni per capital

gross national income, amount of money produced in a place in one year

The northeast

great seanay, culture and history has lots of mnts. BIrthplace of the industrial revulution

where are …. Appalachian Mts

are in the north east

northeast has good _____, and__ ____ but bad soil and farming.

harbors and dairy farms

growth of industry in NE

streams and water were estential to early industry, water wheels and powered machines helped. + miles and factories later on

Megalopolis (US)

area of high population density that stretches from boston to washington DC and has 52 millon ppl living there.

marjor cities of the northeast

New york, boston (

problems in the northeast

biotechnology

comercial fishing

Mt. washington

acadia national park

cape cod

The south

Agriculture (what kinda crops)

Major cities of the south

Dallas (JFK)

Tourism in the south

Mangroves