Yung Su FSU BSC2085 Exam 1

Humans and many other animals are __________ and are characterized by a ___________

Vertebrates; segmented vertebral column

Common characteristics that suggest the same path in evolution:

1. Structural and functional similarities among vertebrates

2. Form determines function

The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment

Homeostasis

The study of body structures, their composition, location, and associated structures; main divisions are gross and microscopic anatomy

Anatomy

True or False: Anatomy is the oldest medical science.

True; 1600 BC- Egyptians showed a basic knowledge of blood vessels

To prevent confusion between the names of body structures, in 1998 two organizations standardized anatomical vocabulary in the publication _______________.

Terminologia Anatomica

The study of functions of anatomical structures and individual and cooperative functions; includes biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics

Physiology

All specific functions are performed by specific _________

structures

The examination of large, visible structures. This includes: surface, regional, systemic, clinical, and developmental anatomy

Gross anatomy

Surface anatomy includes

exterior features

Regional anatomy includes

body areas

Systemic anatomy includes

organ systems

Clinical anatomy includes

medical specialties (pathological anatomy, radiographic anatomy)

Developmental anatomy includes

from conception to death (includes embryology)

Microsciopic anatomy examines

cells and molecules

The study of cells and their structures; cyt=cell

Cytology

The study of tissues and their structures

Histology

Cell physiology processes

within and between cells

Organ physiology

functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology

functions of an organ system

Pathological physiology

effect of diseases on organs or systems

Difference between sign and symptom

Symptoms are subjective/qualitative; ex. tiredness, pain

Signs are objective/quantitative; ex. fever, elevated blood pressure (can be measured)

What are the levels of organization in order:

1. Chemical or Molecular level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

6. Organism Level

A group of similar cells working together

Tissue

A group of different tissues working together

Organ

A group of organs working together

Organ system

Humans have how many organ systems?

11

Integumentary system organs

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

Functions of integumentary system

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provide sensory information

Skeletal system organs

Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Skeletal system functions

-Provide support and protection for other tissues -stores calcium and other minerals

-forms blood cells

Muscular system organs

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

-only includes skeletal muscles which are those attached to bone

Muscular system functions

-Provides movement

-provides protection and support for other tissues

-generates heat that maintains body temperature

- skeletal muscles contract and expand to cause shivering when cold, which increases body heat

True or False: Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are part of the muscular system.

False

Nervous system organs

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Nervous system functions

-Directs immediate responses to stimuli

-coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

-provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

Endocrine system organs

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

Endocrine system functions

-Directs long-term changes in the activities

-adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

-controls many structural and functional changes during development (puberty)

True or False: The endocrine system has a slower action than the nervous system, but it lasts longer.

True

Cardiovascular system organs

Heart, blood, & blood vessels

Cardiovascular system functions

-Distributes white and red blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

-distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

Lymphatic system organs

Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils

Lymphatic system functions

-Defends against infection and disease

-returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Respiratory system organs

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, & alveoli (sacs in lung)

Respiratory system functions

-Delivers air to alveoli

-provides oxygen to bloodstream

-removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

-produces sounds for communication (talking)

Sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs

Alveoli

Digestive system organs

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas

What are primary organs of digestive system?

Esophagus, small and large intestine

Digestive system functions

Processes and digests food

-absorbs and conserves water

-absorbs nutrients

-stores energy reserves

Male reproductive system organs

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, & scrotum

Male reproductive functions

-Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones (testosterone)

-sexual intercourse

Female reproductive system organs

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, & mammary glands

Female reproductive functions

-Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones (estrogen)

-supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

-provides milk to nourish newborn infant

-sexual intercourse

Urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Urinary system functions

-Excretes waste products from the blood

-controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

-stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

-regulated blood ion concentration and pH

What organ system can humans live without?

Reproductive system

Anatomical position

hands at sides, palms forward

Locating structures on or near the body surface

Superficial anatomy

supine definition

lying down, face up (Sit-up)

prone definition

lying down, face down (Push-up)

Planes and sections are used to

visualize internal organization and structure

A three-dimensional axis

Plane

A slice parallel to a plane

Section

Uses magnetic fields & radio freq to visualize subtle differences in structures (tumors); relatively safe

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

shows chemical function (physiology) and structure

PET (positron emission tomography)

Visualizes internal organs in 3 dimensions; (more detailed than conventional radiography)

CT (computer-assisted radiography)

A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface

Sectional plane

vertical plane that divides body into anterior & posterior portions; a cut in this plane is a FRONTAL SECTION

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane dividing body into left & right portions; a cut in this plane is a SAGITTAL SECTION, midsaggital =middle, parasagittal= offset from middle

Sagittal plane

Divides body into superior & inferior portions; a cut in this plane is called a TRANSVERSE SECTION

Transverse plane

Functions of body cavities

Protects organs from accidental shocks, permit changes in size & shape of internal organs

Ventral body cavity

also known as coelom; Divided by the diaphragm; thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity contains

trachea, esophagus, heart, & lungs

Thoracic cavity is made up of

Right and left pleural cavities and mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity spans from and contains what?

from diaphragm to pelvis; contains digestive, reproductive, & urinary organs

abdominal cavity

contains digestive organs

retroperitoneal space

-Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall

-Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

peritoneal cavity

-chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

-Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall (covers the cavity)

-Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

right and left pleural cavities contain what

contain right and left lungs

Mediastinum

-upper portion filled w/ blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, & thymus;

-lower portion contains pericardial cavity

The heart is located in the ______ cavity.

pericardial

serous membrane

a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body and cover organs

parietal layer

lines cavity

visceral layer

covers organ

Define autoregulation

Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change;

-(ex. hypoxia causes a cell to release vasodilators to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to those cells)

Define extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous & endocrine systems;

-(ex. Nervous & endocrine system increases heart rate to increase blood flow to all tissues)

---note: nervous system acts faster than endocrine system but has a shorter lasting effect

Define Homeostatic regulatory mechanism

Consists of 3 componets; used to limit fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point (desired value)

3 components of Homeostatic regulatory mechanism

1. Receptor-receives the stimulus or environmental change

2. Control Center-processes the signal & sends instructions

3. Effector- carries out instructions sent from the control center

Negative feedback:

-response of the effector negates the stimulus;

-body is brought back into homeostasis; normal range is achieved; ex. thermoregualtion

Positive feedback:

-response of the effector increases change of the stimulus;

-body is moved AWAY from homeostasis; normal range is lost

-used to speed up processes; ex. blood clotting, uterine contractions during child delivery

Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve which type of feedback

negative NOT positive feedback

Dynamic equilibrium

continual adaptation

Cell theory

1. cells are building blocks of all plants & animals

2. all cells come from the division of preexisting cells

3. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological funcs

4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

Whose research developed the cell theory?

Robert Hooke; viewed slices of cork w/ light microscope

Two general classes of cells in the human body

1. Sex cells (germ cells) reproductive cells;

-male: sperm

-female: oocyte

2. Somatic cells (body cells); all body cells except sex cells

-soma=body

Centrosome and centrioles

essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes; strength & support; movement of cellular structures & materials

Plasma membrane

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, a7 carbohydrates; isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entry/exit of materials

Microvilli

Extensions of the plasma memb containing microfilaments; increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials