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A subset of the population from which data is collected
Advantage of a census
Should give completely accurate results
3 disadvantages of a census
Time consuming
Cannot be used when the testing process destroys the item
Hard to process a large quantity of data
3 advantages of a sample compared to a census
Less time consuming and expensive than a census
Fewer people have to respond
Less data to process than in a census
2 disadvantages of a sample
Data may not be accurate enough, Sample may not be large enough to give information about small sub-groups of the population
What is a simple random sample of size n?
A sample where every sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected
3 advantages of simple random sampling
Free of bias, Easy and cheap to implement for small populations and samples, Each sampling unit has known and equal chance of selection
2 disadvantages of simple random sampling
Not suitable when the population size or the sample size is large, A sampling frame is needed
2 advantages of systematic sampling
Simple and quick to use
Suitable for large samples and large populations
2 disadvantages of systematic sampling
A sampling frame is needed, It can introduce bias if the sampling frame is not random
2 advantages of stratified sampling
Sample accurately reflects the population
Guarantees proportional representation of groups within a population
2 disadvantages of stratified sampling
Population must be clearly classified into distinct strata
Selection within each stratum suffers from the same disadvantages as a simple random sampling
4 advantages of quota sampling
Allows a small sample to still be representative of the the population, No sampling frame required, Quick, Allows for easy comparison between different groups within a population
4 disadvantages of quota sampling
Non-random sampling can introduce bias, Population must be divided into groups, Increasing scope of study increases number of groups, Non-responses are not recorded as such
2 advantages of oppurtunity/convenience sampling
Easy to carry out, Inexpensive
2 Disadvantages of oppurtunity sampling are
Unlikely to provide a representative sample
Highly dependent on the individual researcher
Asking women aged between 19 and 25 outside Paddington train station between 10am and 11am
Quantitative variables
Variables with numerical observations
Qualitative data
Data with non-numeric observations