OIA1003 NUCLEIC ACIDS I

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39 Terms

1

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules that store genetic information and direct protein synthesis (DNA & RNA).

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2

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA → RNA → Protein explains genetic information flow.

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3

Nucleotide

Basic unit of DNA/RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

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4

Nucleoside

A molecule containing a sugar and nitrogenous base, but lacking a phosphate group.

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5

Chargaff’s Rule

A = T and G = C in DNA, ensuring base-pair complementarity.

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6

DNA vs RNA

DNA: Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymine (T).

RNA: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil (U).

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7

Purines

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) - Double-ring structures.

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8

Pyrimidines

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U) - Single-ring structures.

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9

Phosphodiester Bonds

Link nucleotides via 3’-5’ bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.

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10

Watson-Crick DNA Model

Double-helix, antiparallel strands, complementary base pairing, hydrogen bonding.

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11

Hydrogen Bonds

A-T (2 bonds), G-C (3 bonds), making GC-rich DNA more stable.

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12

DNA Melting Temperature (Tm)

Higher GC content increases Tm, requiring more energy to denature.

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13

Denaturation vs Renaturation

Denaturation: DNA unwinding by heat/chemicals.

Renaturation: Cooling allows reformation of complementary strands.

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14

Semi-Conservative Model

Each daughter DNA contains one original and one new strand.

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15

Origin of Replication (OriC)

The AT-rich sequence where replication begins.

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16

Replication Fork

The Y-shaped region where DNA is unwound and synthesized.

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17

Leading Strand

Synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction.

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18

Lagging Strand

Synthesized discontinuously, forming Okazaki fragments.

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19

Helicase

Unwinds the DNA double helix.

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20

Topoisomerase (DNA Gyrase)

Relieves supercoiling during DNA unwinding.

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21

Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBPs)

Stabilize single-stranded DNA, preventing premature reannealing.

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22

DNA Primase

Synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase to initiate replication.

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23

DNA Polymerase

Adds nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction.

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24

Exonuclease (Proofreading)

Removes mispaired nucleotides (3’-5’ exonuclease activity).

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25

DNA Ligase

Seals nicks between Okazaki fragments.

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26

Prokaryotic DNA Polymerases

Pol I: Removes primers, fills gaps.

Pol II: DNA repair.

Pol III: Main replication enzyme.

Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases

Pol α: Initiates replication.

Pol δ: Synthesizes lagging strand.

Pol ε: Synthesizes leading strand.

Pol γ: Replicates mitochondrial DNA.

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27

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Circular DNA, maternally inherited, essential for electron transport chain.

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28

Telomeres

Repetitive sequences (TTAGGG in humans) protecting chromosome ends.

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29

Telomerase

Extends telomeres, active in stem cells and cancer cells.

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30

RNA Primer Removal

In prokaryotes: DNA polymerase I removes primers.

In eukaryotes: RNase H and FEN1 remove primers.

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31

Okazaki Fragment Processing

DNA polymerase fills gaps; ligase seals the final bond.

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32

Point Mutation

Single nucleotide substitution (e.g., sickle cell anemia).

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33

Frameshift Mutation

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides, disrupting reading frame.

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34

Mismatch Repair

Corrects errors made by DNA polymerase.

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35

Base Excision Repair (BER)

Removes damaged bases (e.g., oxidative damage).

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36

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

Repairs thymine dimers (damage from UV light).

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37

Telomerase & Cancer

Increased telomerase activity in cancer cells, allowing uncontrolled division.

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38

DNA Intercalating Drugs

Actinomycin D binds minor groove, inhibiting replication/transcription.

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39

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Ciprofloxacin (bacteria), Etoposide (cancer) target topoisomerase activity.

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