APHG Unit 2 (Population and Migration) - Presser

antinatalist policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase. Think: China's One Child Policy or India's controversial forced sterilization of men in the 1970s.

arable land

Land that is suitable for agriculture (growing crops)

arithmetic growth

Linear increases at a constant rate (1,2,3,4...)

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to a new country to be legally recognized as a refugee

arithmetic (crude) population density

The total number of people divided by the total amount of land area; the least useful measure of population density

brain gain

The opposite of brain drain; opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills

brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people (usually from LDCs to MDCs)

carrying capacity

The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis. Not a consistent figure, it depends largely on the area's level of technology.

chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members (earlier "links") of the same nationality previously migrated there

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age or sex and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

constrictive population pyramid

A top-heavy population pyramid with higher proportions in older age groups indicates a declining population. This may result from a long period of below replacement fertility, alongside low death rates.

crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

degenerative disease

a disease most associaetd with old age; causes a breakdown of the body cells, tissues, and organs as it progresses

demographic momentum

The tendency for a population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to so many young people entering their childrearing years

demographic transition (theory)

The process of a change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth rates, high crude death rates, and low rates of natural increase (yielding a low total population) to a condition of low crude birth rates and death rates, and low rates of natural increase (yielding a higher total population).

density

The frequency (number of times) with which something exists within a given unit of area (Example: 10 people per sq. kilometer)

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

distance decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

doubling time

The length of time (in years) needed to double the population; can be calculated with the Rule of 70.

emigration

Migration from a location

endemic

A disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location

epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

expansive population pyramid

Young populations that have a typical 'pyramid' shape, with a broad base indicating high proportions of children. Indicates a population undergoing rapid growth.

epidemiologic transition

The process by which the pattern of death and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics to one of degenerative and chronic illnesses affecting principally the elderly

exponential (geometric) growth

A pattern of growth that shows greater increases with passing time (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128... vs. 1,2,3,4...); forms a J-curve when graphed and characterizes population growth following the Industrial Revolution.

family planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of children through the use of birth control

female infanticide

The intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females (a problem in the past in India and China where there has been a son preference)

forced migration

Migration that involves the involuntary movement from one's home, when people have no choice but to migrate (example: slavery)

gravity model

A model that states spatial interaction- including migration- is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

immigration

Migration to a location

Industrial Revolution

The process of change from an agricultural and handicraft (cottage) economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced new ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1-year-old for every 1,000 live births in a society; provides insight into the level of development of a country, its healthcare system, and the status of women.

infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen (bacteria or virus) and that can be spread from one individual to another.

internal migration

Migration within the borders of a country.

internally displaced persons (IDP)

A forced or reluctant migrant who has fled their home as a refugee but who has not migrated across an international border.

interregional migration

Migration from region to another region. Example: Moving from Moreno Valley, Ca. to San Francisco, Ca. (the region of Southern California to Northern California).

intervening obstacles

Any force or factor that may limit human migration. Example: A migrant attempting to immigrate to the U.S. legally from the United States will encounter a complicated set of legal hurdles. A migrant attempting to immigrate to the United States illegally will have to navigate challenges that conclude border patrol agents, a harsh desert border environment, and exploitative "coyotes" (smugglers).

intervening opportunities

A feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one. (Part of Lee's Model of Migration )

intraregional migration

Migration within the same region (example: moving across town).

LDC

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Thomas Malthus

Argued that food production would not be able to keep up with population growth (exceeding the carrying capacity), resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.

MDC

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

migration

Involves a permanent move to a new location, either within a single country or from one country to another.

net in-migration

When more people immigrate to a country than emigrate from it.

natural increase

The percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

negative population growth

The actual decline in population due to less than replacement level fertility. (Think: Stage 5 countries, Japan, most countries in Europe)

Neo-Malthusians

Group that holds the belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources; pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth; they advocate for anti-natalist government policies

net out-migration

When more people emigrate from a country than immigrate to it.

net migration

Difference between immigrants and emigrants.

newly industrialized country (NIC)

A country that is undergoing or has recently undergone rapid industrialization and economic growth.

One Child Policy

Policy put in place in China that limits urban couples to one child; Replaced in 2016 with a two-child polic and again in 2021 with a three-chil policy.

overpopulation

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent living standard.

pandemic

A worldwide epidemic

physiological population density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture; provides insight into the carrying capacity of a place. Example: Egypt has a low arithmetic density, but a high physiological density--this suggests that Egypt has plenty of land, but that very little of it is arable.

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex; these bar graphs have predictive value (can help us to anticipate future challenges) and provide historical insight (we can see how past events like wars had a demographic impact on a population).

pull factors

Factor attracts migrants to a new region. Think: ESPeN for the different types of factors. (Part of Lee's Model of Migration )

pronatalist policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase. Think: "Do it for Denmark," Russia's "Day of Conception," or Singapore's "National Night" advertisement campaigns. More commonly, think about tax incentives, government-sponsored childcare, paid maternity and paternity leave, "birth bonuses," etc.

push factors

A factor encourages people to move out of the region that they live in. Think: ESPeN for the different types of factors. (Part of Lee's Model of Migration )

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics. Includes the following: most migrants move for economic reasons; most migrants move a short distance; most migration occurs in (smaller) steps; international migrants usually move to large urban areas; every migration produces a counter-migration; rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers; within their own country, females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances (though, this is less and less true); most migrants are young adults.

refugees

People forced to migrate from their homes that cannot return for fear of persecution because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinions; technically referred to as "reluctant" migrants but is acceptable to classify them as forced migrants too.

replacement level fertility

The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population (2.1 in MDCs, 2.7 in LDCs)

remittances

Money sent back home by migrants to family members in home country

Rohingya

An ethnic Muslim minority group living in Myanmar who have been persecuted and largegly dispalced, many of whom having fled to refugee camps in neighboring Bangladesh.

stationary population pyramid

A more rectangular population pyramid which indicates a population that is neither growing nor declining. There are similar proportions in each age group, apart from at the oldest ages (due to mortality).

step migration

Long-distance migration done in multiple stages.

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

voluntary migration

When people migrate on their accord, usually because of major pull factors

zero population growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rates the point where natural increase rate equals zero. (Think: Stage 4 countries)