Biology Plants

Mitochondria

The “powerhouses” of a cell acting as a membrane-bound organelles that generates most of the chemical energy

ATP

General energy currency of living things (adenosine, tryp, triphosphate)

Cellular Metabolism

The various changes and the rates at which they occur

Metabolic Rate

how were using chemical energy

Glycolysis

Breaks sugar down and products from glycolysis are used to produce more energy in the mitochondria

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that completes the breakdown of glucose to release energy. It also produces NADH and FADH2

Electron Transport Chain (greatest amount of energy)

Hydrogen from NADH and fAOH2 bonds with oxygen to produce H20
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2+COH2O

Light reaction 

Uses H2O and produces NADPH + ATP + O2

Dark reaction

Known as the calvin cycle and uses CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs (eukaryote) also producers 

Phylum chlorophyta - green algae

Chlorophylla a + b

• unusually multicellular (can be unicellular)

• no vascular tissue

• freshwater + marine

Phylum Rhodophyta - red algae

• Chlorophyll a + d phycoergthirum (red plagments)

• complex life cycle (3 generations)

• nor in red sushi is red algae

• agar comes from geliulium

• symbionts with coral → reef builuing

• can live deeper than any other algae

Phylum phacophyta - brown algae

• the kelp

• chlorophyll a + c (crap) (brown)

• largest of marine algae

• kelp forests along pacific coast (80 m tall kelp)

• macrocytis nercocystis

P. Bryophyte - chlorophyll a + b

• mosses, liverwarts + hornwarts

• moist terrestrial environment

• reproduction sperm swim

• lacks tubes for conducting water

• very important as a pioneer species in ecologic succession

• often of the first organisms to colonize an area and begin soil fermentation

• water gets to cells by osimosis and capillary action

• height limited by gravity

Ferns

1. a plant tissue system responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and minerals

2. through a vascular system for transport, waxy cuticle, and stomata to prevent water loss and true roots for absorption

3. the sporophyte generations are the most obvious and dominant stage in the ferns life cycle

P. Tracheophyta

• plants that have vascular tissue to conduct water and dissolved substaances

• xylem - a tissue of tracheids

• (hollow cells) to conduct H2O

• phloem - a tissue that conducts sugars (sap)

• all dominant plants we see on land are tracheophyta four sub-phyla

• psylopsida - twig like

• sphenopsida - horsetails

• lycopsida - club moss

• pteropsida - ferns, confiers, etc

Class filicinae - ferns

• like moss, need H2O for sexual reproduction

• like moss, have a gametophyte plant - prothallium (prothallus)

• unlike the moss, conspicuous stage is the sporophyte

Class gymnosperm

• gymno/sperm = naked seed

• this group includes ginkgos, cycads, and conifers

• conifers = this group dominates temperate forest biomes throughout the world - taiga (boreal forest) and are organisms that form climax communities

• this are of great economic significance in the timber and forest industries

Class angiospermae

• angio/sperm = fleshy seed

• this group includes the flowering plants as they demonstrate many complex adaptations as well as mechanisms involving co-evolution and symbiosis

• there are two main groups of angiosperms:

• moncots - have one cotyledon (seed leaf) and includes grains, grasses, bamboo, lilies, corn

• dictots - have two cotyledons and include the woody angiosperms such as maple, oak, birch, cherry, as well as herbaceous plants like clover, beans, pepper, broccoli, sage, and spinach

Adaptation

the process by which a plant species develops special heritable traits to better survive and reproduce in specific enviornment

Alternation of generations

their life cycle switches between two different body types

Colonial

a group of genetically identical individual plants that have all grown from a single ancestor through asexual reproduction

Dicots

flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds have two baby leaves (cotyledons) instead of one

Enclosed seeds

called angiosperms commonly known as flowering plants

Flowers

a plant’s reproductive part especially for flowering plants designed to make seeds often using colorful petals to attract pollinators like bees or birds for pollen transfer leading to new fruits and plants

Fruit

ripened ovary of a flower protecting and carrying the seeds to help the plant reproduce

Leaves

its food factory a usually flat green part that uses sunlight, air, and water to make sugar through photosynthesis releasing oxygen

Monocots

huge group of flowering plants defined by having one seed in their seed, parallel leaf veins, flower parts in threes, scattered stem bundles, and fibrous roots

Multicellular

the plant that is an organism made of many specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions, allowing the plant to grow large and complex

Pollen

how plants use pollen for sexual reproduction

Unicellular

an organism that consists of a single cell which independently peforms all necessary life functions

Vascular tissue

their internal plumbing system made of two main pipes xylem and phloem

Xylem

plants plumbing system

Phloem

a living tissue that carries food from the leaves down to the rest of the plant for energy and growth a process called translocation

Cuticle

protective outer layer

Rhizomes

modified horizontal underground stem that shoots out roots, as it shoots from its nodes allowing it to spread and reproduce

Rhizoids

filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants

Sorus

a cluster of sporangia found on the underside of ferns and some other plants

Prothallus

flat small independent and heart shaped gametophyte shape

Tracheids

long tapered plant cell in the xylem that acts like a tiny straw transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves and providing structural support, essentially a basic water pipe in wood

Stomata

microscopic pores on the surface of plants like leaves and stems that allow gas to exchange and regulate water loss

Pollen grain

microscopic package of more reproductive cells from a seed plant

Coteyledons

seed leaf as it is the first leaf to emerge from a sprouting seed

Germination

when a seed starts to grow into a plant often called sprouting

Cambium

the layer of a plant between the inner bark and the wood that acts like a “growth layer” to make the plant thicker

Meristem

growth tissue in plants where new cells are constantly being made to allow for growth

Mycorrhiza

fungus root and it’s a beneficial partnership between a plant’s roots and a fungus

Frond

the large often divided leaf of plants looking like a leafy branch or a big feather used for photosynthesis and sometimes carrying reproductive parts

Young gametophyte

small heart shaped plant called a prothallus

Mature gametophyte

the multicellular, haploid (n) stage of a plant’s life cycle that produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Male gametophyte

the green leafy moss plant itself as it is the most dominant and most visible stage of the moss life cycle

Female gametophyte

the familiar green leafy moss plant itself

Archegonium egg

female reproductive organ which is a flask shaped structure that produces and contains a single egg cell

Antheridium with sperm

male reproductive organ as its like a sac like or globe shaped structure that produces and stores the male sex cells

Sporangium

a spore case or a minute sac in which a fern produces, develops, and stores its a reproductive spores

Zygote

the first cell of the new plant

Sporangium capsule

the pod like structure at the top of a slender stalk that produces and releases the tiny spores used for protection

Protonema

the first thread like stage of a moss growing from a germinated spore like a tiny green filament or carpet from which the familiar leafy moss plant eventually sprouts

Antheridial head

male reproductive organ cluster located at the top of a moss plant