Week 7 Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscle System

in BIO SCI

Cell of organ

compose of different kinds of tissue

this group of organ joins together to carry out vital now called as your organ system ( with simmlar ) that become system

different kinds of tissue

epithelia tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

Different function of our organ system

communication ( it can communicate from outside environment )

responsible for the nervous system sensory organs and the endocrine system

Support And Movement

responsible for skeletal and muscular

Maintain and regulate

responsible for the digestive circulatory repertory and secretory system

defense

responsible for organs integumentary and the immune system

reproduce

responsible for the reproductive system

• Digestive System:

• Circulatory System:

• Respiratory System:

• Secretory System:

• This system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

• This system transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.

• This system is responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

• This system produces and releases substances like hormones and enzymes that regulate various bodily functions.

integumentary system ( under defense category )

its all about our skin

from the latin word “inte“ means whole and “gument” means covering

consist of skin and accessory organ

provides sensory information about the surrounding environment

function of integumentary

• Prediction and cover

• absorption

• excretion

• regulation

• sensation

Skin

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous layer

epidermis

made up of stratified squamous layers of epithelial tissue and consist 10 to30 thick so it is the most superficial layer

skin epidermis- epidermal cells

Types of cell

• Detaching squame: These are dead skin cells that are about to flake off.

• Keratinized squame of cornified layer: These are dead skin cells that are filled with keratin, a protein that makes your skin tough.

• Granular layer: This layer contains cells that produce keratin and other substances that help protect your skin.

• Langerhans cell: These are immune cells that help protect your skin from infections.

• Prickle cell layer: This layer contains cells that are connected to each other by spiny-looking projections.

• Merkel cell: These cells are sensitive to touch.

Dermis

it is made up of fibrous connective tissues containing collagen and elastic fiber it also contains your fiber glands and blood cell

it thicker than the epidermis

Skin Dermis

Papillary Dermis:

Reticular Dermis:

Includes blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue

This is the upper layer of the dermis. It has tiny bumps called dermal papillae that help to connect the epidermis to the dermis. These bumps also contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the skin cells.

This is the lower layer of the dermis. It's thicker and contains mostly connective tissue, which gives the skin its strength and elasticity. It also contains hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Skin- Dermis – Sensory Receptors

Skin- Hypodermis

• Epidermis: The outermost layer of skin, composed of multiple layers of epithelial cells.

• Dermis: The middle layer of skin, containing blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

• Hypodermis: The innermost layer of skin, composed of fat-rich cells (adipocytes) that provide insulation and energy storage.

Structural Basis

of Skin Color

• Melanin

• Carotene

• Hemoglobin

Accessory Structures of the Skin

• Nails

• Hair

• Skin Glands

HAIR

• A protein filament

• Only in mammals

• Entire skin

ANATOMY OF A HAIR

• HAIR SHAFT

• HAIR ROOT

• HAIR FOLLICLE

• HAIR BULB

• ARRECTOR PILI

Skin Glands

• Sudoriferous Gland (Sweat glands)

• Ceruminous Gland (Ear wax)

• Sebaceous Gland (Sebum)

• Mammary Gland (Milk)

Nails

• Found in finger tips

• Claws and hooves

Parts of a Nail

• Nail Matrix

• Nail Bed

• Nail Plate

• Nail Folds

Contagious Disorders

Fever Blisters

Non- Contagious Disorders

Skeletal System

• Consist of bones, cartilages and joints

• Osteology

• Bone is considered as an organ.

BONE COMPOSITION

• 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50%

Functions of Skeletal System

• Support the body

• Attachment of muscles

• Gives stability and shape to the body

• Acts a levers for movement

• Protection of internal organs

• Production of blood cells

BONE CELLS

• Osteoprogenitor Cells:

  • These are stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

  • They are responsible for bone growth and repair.

• Osteoblasts:

  • These cells are responsible for bone formation.

  • They synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone, called osteoid, which later mineralizes to form hard bone tissue.

• Osteocytes:

  • Mature bone cells that are embedded within the bone matrix.

  • They maintain bone tissue and help regulate mineral exchange between the bone and blood.

• Osteoclasts:

  • Large, multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue.

  • They break down old or damaged bone, allowing for bone remodeling and calcium release into the bloodstream.

Types of Bone Tissue

COMPACT BONE

• 80% of the skeleton.

• It forms the external layer of all

bones.

• It provides protection, support,

and resists stresses

• It has a functional unit called

“OSTEON”.

SPONGY BONE

• It does not contain osteons.

• It is consist of trabeculae

• Red bone marrow is found between the spaces of the trabeculae of some bones

• Spongy bone tissue is light,

Type of Skeleton Based on Formation

Intramembranous Ossification: Direct bone formation from mesenchymal cells.

Endochondral Ossification: Bone formation through a cartilage model.

Calcification: Hardening of tissue by mineral deposition.

Bone Resorption: Breakdown of bone tissue by osteoclasts.

TYPES OF BONES BASED ON SHAPE

• Long bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur, humerus)

• Short bones: Cube-shaped (e.g., carpals, tarsals)

• Flat bones: Thin, flat, and curved (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum)

• Irregular bones: Complex shape (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones)

• Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella)

DIVISION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• 2 division of the skeletal system:

Axial skeleton: Bones forming the central axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, rib cage).

Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic girdles, arms, legs, hands, and feet).

Common Diseases and Disorders

Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation

• Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints

• Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid- filled sac that cushions tendons)

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed

• Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone

• Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)

• Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease

• Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time

Muscular system

Functions of Muscle

• Movement

• Stability

• Control of body openings and passages

• Heat production

Functions of Muscle

• Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart, it is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle cells are striated (have a striped appearance) and involuntary, meaning they contract without conscious control.

• Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones via tendons, it allows for voluntary movement and maintains posture. Skeletal muscle cells are also striated but are under voluntary control.

• Smooth Muscle: Found in the walls of internal organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels, it helps with various functions such as digestion, blood flow regulation, and childbirth. Smooth muscle cells are not striated and are involuntary.

Function of muscle: Stability

1. Postural Muscles:

2. Joint Stabilization:

3. Dynamic Stability:

• These muscles, such as those in the back and core, work continuously to maintain upright posture and balance.

• They counteract gravity and keep us from toppling over.

• Muscles surround joints and work in pairs to provide stability.

• For example, the quadriceps and hamstrings work together to stabilize the knee joint.

• Muscles enable us to perform complex movements while maintaining balance.

• For instance, when walking, muscles in the legs and core work together to keep us upright and prevent falls.

Function of muscle:

• Sphincters

control of body openings and passages

• Control movement of substances in and out of passages

Function of muscle: heat production

1. Muscle Contraction:

2. Heat Production:

1. • This is the fundamental function of muscles.

   • It allows for movement, from simple actions like blinking to complex ones like running.  

   • Muscle contraction involves the sliding of protein filaments within muscle cells, generating force.  

2. • As a byproduct of muscle contraction, the body generates heat.  

   • This heat is essential for maintaining body temperature, especially in cold environments.  

   • Shivering, an involuntary muscle contraction, is a prime example of the body's mechanism to generate heat.

      

Types of Muscles: As to structure

• Striated Voluntary Muscle Tissues:

• Striated Involuntary Muscle Tissues:

• Smooth Involuntary Muscle Tissues:

• • Skeletal Muscle: These muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. They appear striated due to the arrangement of protein filaments within the muscle cells.

• • Cardiac Muscle: This specialized muscle tissue is found only in the heart. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. While it appears striated, it is involuntary, meaning it contracts without conscious control.

• • Smooth Muscle: This muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It is responsible for involuntary movements, such as digestion and blood flow regulation. It lacks the striated appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Types of muscles: As to action

• Agonist or prime mover

• Antagonist

• Principal mover for specific action

• For opposite movement

Types of muscles: As to action

• Synergist

• Fixator

• Helps stabilize the movement of one joint

• Fixes the position when movement is occurring

Types of muscles: As to specific function

Flexors:

Extensors:

• Function: These muscles cause a joint to bend or decrease the angle between bones.

• Examples: Biceps brachii (flexes the elbow), hamstrings (flex the knee).

• Function: These muscles cause a joint to straighten or increase the angle between bones.

• Examples: Triceps brachii (extends the elbow), quadriceps (extend the knee).

Types of muscles: As to specific function

• Adductors and abductors

• Function: These muscles pull a limb or body part towards the midline of the body.

• Example: Adductor muscles in the inner thigh pull the legs together.

• Function: These muscles move a limb or body part away from the midline of the body.

• Example: Abductor muscles in the outer thigh move the legs apart.

Types of muscles: As to specific function

Pronators:

Supinators:

• Function: These muscles rotate the forearm so that the palm faces downward.

• Example: Pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles.

• Function: These muscles rotate the forearm so that the palm faces upward.

• Example: Supinator muscle.

Types of muscles: As to specific function

• Elevators/ levators and depressors

• Function: These muscles raise or elevate a body part.

• Examples: Levator palpebrae superioris (raises the eyelid), masseter (elevates the mandible for chewing).

• Function: These muscles lower or depress a body part.

• Examples: Depressor anguli oris (pulls the corner of the mouth downward), platysma (pulls the lower lip and corner of the mouth downward).

Types of muscles: As to specific function

Constrictors

Dilators

:

• Function: These muscles narrow or constrict openings.

• Examples: Muscles in the digestive tract that help propel food, muscles in the blood vessels that regulate blood flow.

:

• Function: These muscles widen or dilate openings.

• Examples: Muscles in the iris of the eye that control pupil size, muscles in the respiratory tract that help regulate airflow.

Major Skeletal Muscles: The Head

Sternocleidomastoid

• Pulls the head to one side

• Pulls the head to the chest

Frontalis

• Raises the eyebrows

Splenius capitis

• Rotates the head

• Allows it to bend to the side

•• Orbicularis oris

• Allows the lips to pucker

Orbicularis oculi

• Allows the eyes to close

Zygomaticus

• Pulls the corners of the mouth up

• Platysma

• Pulls the corners of the mouth down

• Masseter and temporalis

• Close the jaw

Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm

• Pectoralis major

• Latissimus dorsi

• Pulls the arm across the chest

• Rotates and adducts the arms

• • Extends and adducts the arm and rotates the arm inwardly

Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm

Deltoid

Subscapularis

Infraspinatus

•

• Abducts and extends the

arm at the shoulder

•

• Rotates the arm medially

•

• Rotates the arm laterally

Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm

• Biceps brachii

• Brachialis

• Brachioradialis

• Flexes the arm at the elbow • Rotates the hand laterally

• Flexes the arm at the elbow

• Flexes the forearm at the elbow

Major Skeletal Muscles: Forearm (cont.)

• Triceps brachii

• Supinator

• Pronator teres

)

• Extends the arm at the elbow

• Rotates the forearm laterally (supination)

• Rotates the forearm medially (pronation

Major Skeletal Muscles: Wrist, Hand, and Fingers

• Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris

• Palmaris longus

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flex and abduct the wrist

• Flexes the wrist

• Flexes the distal joints of the fingers, but not the thumb

Major Skeletal Muscles:

Wrist, Hand, and Fingers (cont.)

• Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extend the wrist and abduct the hand

• Extends the wrist

• Extensor digitorum

• Extends the fingers, but not the thumb

Major Skeletal Muscles: Respiratory

• Diaphragm

• External and internal

intercostals

• Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity • Its contraction causes inspiration

• Expand and lower the ribs during breathing

Major Skeletal Muscles: Abdominal

• External and internal obliques

• Transverse abdominis

• Rectus abdominis

l

• Compress the abdominal wall

• Also compresses the abdominal wall

• Flexes the vertebral column • Compresses the abdominal wal

• Trapezius

• Pectoralis minor

• Raises the arms • Pulls the shoulders downward

• Pulls the scapula downward • Raises the ribs

Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg

• Psoas major and iliacus

• Gluteus maximus

• Gluteus medius and minimus

• Flexes the thigh

• Extends the thigh

• Abduct the thighs • Rotate them medially

Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)

• Adductor longus and magnus

• Biceps femoris, semitendinosus,

and semimembranosus

• Adduct the thighs • Rotate them laterally

• Known as the hamstring group • Flex the leg at the knee • Extend the leg at the thigh

Major Skeletal Muscles: Leg (cont.)

• Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

• Sartorius

• Extend the leg at the knee

• Flexes the leg at the knee and thigh • Abducts the thigh, rotating the thigh laterally but rotating the lower leg medially

Major Skeletal Muscles:

Ankle, Foot, and Toes

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Gastrocnemius

• Inverts the foot and point the foot up (dorsiflexion)

• Extends the toes and point the foot up

• Flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee

Major Skeletal Muscles:

Ankle, Foot, and Toes (cont.)

• Soleus

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Flexes the foot

• Flexes the foot and toes

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Epimysium

Fascicles

Muscle fibers

perimysium

endomysium

Sacroplasmic reticulum

myofibril

Muscle proteins

• Myosin

• Composed the thick filaments

• Actin

• composed the thin filaments

• Troponin

• Subcomponent of thin myofilaments

• Tropomyosin

• Subcomponent of thin myofilaments

• Myoglobin

• Muscle hemoglobin for transport of

oxygen

Muscle Metabolism

• Energy - Muscle contraction

• Muscle contraction needed ATP

• ATP - muscle cells

• Hydrolysis, glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidation phosphorylation

• Two types of muscle fibers

• White muscle fibers (Glycolysis)

• Red muscle fibers (Krebs cycle)

Motor Unit

Composition and Structure of Myofilaments

Muscle contraction

Production of Energy: Muscle Fatigue

• Condition in which a muscle has lost its ability to contract

• Causes

• Accumulation of lactic acid

• Interruption of the blood supply to a muscle

• A motor neuron loses its ability to release acetylcholine

onto muscle fibers

Muscle Strains and Sprains

• Strains

• Sprains

• RICE is recommended treatment for either

– injuries due to over-stretched muscles or tendons

– more serious injuries that result in tears to tendons, ligaments, and/or cartilage of joints

is recommended treatment for either Rest • Ice • Compression • Elevation

Muscle Strains and Sprains (cont.)

• Prevention

• Warm up muscles

• Stretching

• Cooling down or slowing down

Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular

System

Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular

System (cont.)