Diagnostic Instruments, Clinical Interviews, and Intelligence Tests

Gold standard in diagnostic instruments

SCID-5

Behavioral activation

Increase avoidance and isolation

Difference between clinical interviews and regular conversations

Structured, focused on client, non-judgmental

Validity of naturalistic observation

High external validity

Validity of structured behavioral observation

High internal validity

Self-monitoring

Empirically supported intervention for some conditions

Mechanism behind reactivity to self-monitoring

Realization of behavior occurring less than thought

Spearman's model of intelligence

General intelligence (g)

Mode of intelligence followed by current intelligence tests

Hierarchical model

Subscales of the WAIS-IV

Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Subscales most influenced by impairment on the WAIS-IV

Working memory and processing speed

Scoring above average on the WAIS-IV

Above average (119)

Response sets

Answering questions in a way that doesn't reflect true feelings

Construction of the first version of the MMPI

Empirical method, low content validity

Construction of the revised version of the MMPI in 1989

Theoretical approach

High score on the L scale of MMPI

Faking good, presenting self favorably

MMPI validity scales successful in detecting malingering

F and Fb

Phase of interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Second phase

Tenet of CBT emphasizing cognition mediating between environmental events and behavior/emotion

Cognitions mediate

Behavioral techniques in CBT

Behavioral activation, exposure therapy, relaxation

Cognitive technique in CBT involving challenging and replacing irrational cognitions

Challenge and replace irrational cognitions

Efficacy studies (RCTs)

Internal validity, control groups, random assignment

Effectiveness studies

External validity, representative of therapists and clients

Criteria for identifying Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)

Comparison with no-treatment control group, treatment manual, specific problems, reliable and valid outcome measures, appropriate data analyses

Matching treatment and control groups in RCTs

Increasing internal validity

Drawback of selecting a homogeneous sample in RCTs

Decreased external validity

Focus of exposure therapy in addressing avoidance behaviors

Deliberately engaging in distressing activities

Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation (BA) compared to CT and ADMs in treating depression

BA outperformed CT and ADMs in reducing symptoms and retaining participants

Goal of Motivational Interviewing in relation to substance misuse/abuse

Motivate client to want to change

Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, avoiding argumentation, rolling with resistance, supporting self-efficacy

Difference between efficacy and effectiveness studies

Internal validity vs external validity

Number of sessions in CBT

12-16 sessions

Themes of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

Grief, interpersonal deficits, role transitions, role disputes

Signs of overbreathing

Increased heart rate, shallow rapid panting

Thoughts mediating the effect of event or emotion

Mediate

Primary cognitive errors associated with anxiety disorders

Overestimation of negative outcomes, catastrophic thinking

Key component in treating panic and anxiety disorders

Exposure

Components of a panic attack

Increased heart rate, misfire of fear system

Physiological signs of anxiety

Shortness of breath, elevated heart rate, nausea, hyperventilation, dizziness, sweating

Physiological signs in the PMR treatment study

Decreased anxiety and heart rate

Mediators in the PMR treatment

Altered cognitions, physiological changes

Habituation

Reduction in anxiety with continued exposure to feared symptoms, activities, and situations

Common behavioral techniques in behavioral therapy (BT)

Behavioral activation, exposure therapy, problem solving, relaxation training, social skills training, contingency management

Reason for high internal validity in efficacy studies

Random assignment, representative sample, controlled setting, extensive training

Key questions for evaluating interventions

How does the treatment work? Under what conditions does treatment work?

Aspect emphasized in efficacy vs effectiveness studies

Control groups and random assignment vs real-world application

Criterion for empirically supported treatments

Comparison with control group or placebo in RCT

Reservation or concerns about ESTs

All of the above

Components of CBT programs

Education, cognitive, behavioral, relapse prevention

Relapse prevention in CBT for Panic Disorder

Preventing relapse after completing treatment

Subscales of the WAIS-IV

Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Facing physical symptoms in exposure component of CBT for Panic Disorder

Realizing ability to cope, altering distorted cognitions, learning tolerance, habituation

Average IQ score and standard deviation

100, every SD is 15 points from 100

MMPI scales for faking good and faking bad

L scale (faking good), F scale and Fb scale (faking bad)

Altered cognition

Change in thought processes

What are the 6 common behavioral techniques used in behavioral therapy (BT)?

-Behavioral activation: giving activities to do outside of therapy; activate brains to do something they enjoy, common w/ depression, get them to go outside

-Exposure therapy: exposure therapy

-Problem solving:

-Relaxation training: PMR, mindfulness techniques

-Social skills training: how to interact with other people

-Contingency management: