Population Dynamics and Composition: Key Concepts and Trends

Fertility

Factors that influence the birth rate in a population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births occurring in one year per 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years.

Mortality

Factors that influence the death rate in a population.

Life Expectancy

The number of years the average person will live.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths occurring in one year per 1,000 people.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of children who die before one year of age.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The rate of population growth that does not account for migration, expressed in a percentage.

Population Growth Rate

A measure that accounts for migration, calculated as Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants.

Doubling Time

The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

A period around 1750 that contributed to population growth through advancements in agriculture.

Industrial Revolution

A period that began around 1750 leading to rapid urbanization and population growth.

NIR in Niger

3.8%.

NIR in Spain

-0.11%.

Economic Factors

Influences on population growth and decline related to economic conditions.

Social Factors

Influences on population growth and decline related to societal norms and cultural expectations.

Political Factors

Influences on population growth and decline related to government policies and political stability.

Natural Factors

Influences on population growth and decline related to environmental conditions.

United States Baby Boom

A significant increase in birth rates in the U.S. from 1946 to 1965 following World War II.

Population Growth in LDCs

Most population growth today is occurring in Less Developed Countries, particularly in Asia and Africa.

First 1 billion

The world population reached its first billion in 1804.

Advances in Healthcare & Sanitation

Improvements that have contributed to increased life expectancy and population growth.

Rapid Urbanization

A significant movement of populations from rural to urban areas contributing to population growth.

Population Composition

Elements of population structure including age and sex ratio.

Population Structure

What percentage of the population are children? The elderly? Male? Female?

Population Pyramids

Graphical representation used to show the population structure/composition of a location.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working-age group multiplied by 100.

Youth Dependency

The portion of the population that is under the age of 15.

Elderly Dependency

The portion of the population that is over the age of 65.

Impacts of High Dependency Ratio

Higher taxes on the working population to support those not working.

Aging Population Consequences

Political, social, and economic impacts including increased healthcare costs.

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population.

Factors Affecting Sex Ratio

Causes such as war, insufficient healthcare for women, migration, and gendercide.

Life Expectancy for Russian Women

76 years old.

Life Expectancy for Russian Men

64 years old.

Aging Population Employment Opportunities

Growth in elder care industry jobs such as geriatric physical therapists and in-home healthcare providers.

Political Activity of the Elderly

Typically the most politically active group, influencing issues like healthcare and retirement.

Population Growth Assessment

Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline.

Population Composition Analysis

Geographers analyze patterns of age structure and sex ratio across different regions.

Consequences of Aging Population

Increased demand for healthcare and social support services.

Cultural Changes in Family Structure

Traditional families where the bride moves into her husband's family are changing.

Healthcare Costs with Aging Population

As life expectancy increases, so do healthcare costs.

Political Perspectives of the Elderly

Elderly individuals have different perspectives on political issues due to their experiences.

Historical Impact on Sex Ratio

More women ages 80 & up due to higher male mortality during World War II.

Population Composition Mapping

Patterns of age structure and sex ratio can be mapped and analyzed at different scales.