Zoology Exam 3

The platypus is a member of which group?

monotremes

The lateral line system is…

used by fish to detect vibrations

Agnathans are vertebrates that lack?

Jaws

Bony fish use _________ for buoyancy while Chondrichthyes use ________________ .

swim bladder, oil in the liver

What trait below allowed amphibians to move out of water and onto land?

Both "a" and "c" are true \n (developed more effective legs and more efficient respiration)

Besides being the largest lizard in the world, the Komodo dragon is unique in that ....

It introduces bacteria via a bite to kill large prey

Birds differ from all mammals in what way?

Birds have a "one way" respiration system

Most bony fishes have a hard plate, lacking in sharks, that covers the gills on each side of the head called the ...?

operculum

Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do?

crocodiles

The changes that were necessary to cope with the heavy energy demands of flight in birds include all of the following except ...

a three-chambered heart

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

lobe-finned fish

Skates use what type of reproduction?

Ovoparity

\n What does ecdysis mean?

the process of molting in arthropods during development

From what fossilized anatomical structure did Georges Cuvier claim he could reconstruct an entire animals skeleton?

tooth

What is the purpose of the ossicle?

locomotion; made of calcite plates with pores that open for the tube feet to come out on starfish. Also contain mutable collagenous tissue that helps close wounds

Where are the eyespots on a starfish?

end of the arms

What moves tube feet?

water pressure because there is no blood

What is the water vascular system?

A hydraulic system that aids in movement and feeding

What is the madreporite?

opening to the water vascular system

Nerve Cord

becomes brain and spinal cord

Subphylum Vertebrata

hagfish, lamprey., jawed vertebrates

Neural crest

A unique group of embryonic stem cells that form many vertebrate structures.

Endoskeleton

made of bone and cartlidge which allows for great size and movement

What kind of fish became dominant?

Jawed Fish

Characteristics of fishes include

Vertebral column, jaws, and paired appendages, Internal gills, single-loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies

Jaws evolved from

anterior gill arches that were made of cartilage

Hagfish and lampreys (jawless fish)

lack paired fins and are a paraphyletic group

what is the difference between hagfish and lamprey

hagfish- secrete slime are bottom feeders

lampreys- predators and transient parasites

Evolution of Jaws

\-Cartilage supports gill arches in jawless fishes

\-Anterior gill arches form jaws

Class Chondrichthyes

Jawed fish • Paired fins• Paired nostrils• Scales• Two-chambered heart• Skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone• Sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras

What is the advantage of the spiral valve digestive tract in sharks?

increased SA

What are the first animals to develop teeth?

sharks

oviparous

meaning they fertilize internally and then lay egg cases

ovoviviparous

meaning the egg is internally fertilized and retained within the mother until birth

viviparous

fertilized within the mother's body, and the young are then nourished by a placenta

countercurrent exchange

Net diffusion of o2 from water to blood

What are the 2 major groups of bony fish?

Ray-finned fish and Lobe-finned fish

Differences between Ray-finned fish and Lobe-finned fish

\-Ray-finned fish have parallel bony rays support & stiffen each fin and there are no muscles within the fins

\-Lobe-finned fishes have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe

What are the purpose of lobe fins?

walking; helped the fish begin to develop lungs

amphibians

\-first vertebrates to walk on land and reproduce on land

\-no scales

\-improved auditory structures because sound travels worse on land

\-develop claws

Tiktaalik

\-transitional organism between lobe-finned fish and amphibians

\-legs to support body weight

\-lungs

Amphibians adaptations

\-legs to support body weight

\-lungs to extract oxygen from air

\-positive pressure

\-reproduction in h2o to prevent eggs from drying out

adaptations of amphibians skin

\-only class of vertebrate with no protective covering

\-permeable skin

\-shed skin

\-many skin glands

Anura

frogs and toads

\-eggs are fertilized externally

Caudata

salamanders and newts

\-eggs are fertilized internally but laid externally

Newts produce...

tetrodotoxin to block the NaP pump

Apoda

Caecilians

\-fertilization is internal

\-tropical, burrowing amphibians

The 4 membranes of the amniotic egg are

Chorion- allows o2 entry

Amnion- fluid filled cavity

Yolk sac- vascular/ provides food

Allantois- vascular/ excretes waste

3 things all reptiles have are

amniotic eggs, dry skin, and thoracic breathing (increases lung capacity)

Important characteristics of reptiles

internal fertilization and improved circulation (3 chambered heart)

all reptiles are ________

ectothermic

4 orders of reptiles

Chelonia (turtles and tortoises), Rhynchocephalia (tuataras), Squamata (lizards and snakes), Crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators)

what is the purpose of the third eye in Tuataras?

acts as a photoreceptor to control circadian cycles

Crocodiles resemble ______ more than they do ______

birds; other living reptiles

In what ways to crocodiles resemble birds?

build nests and care for young, 4 chambered heart, temperature determines sex

crocodiles use...

negative ventilation

The most diverse class of all terrestrial vertebrates is

Aves (birds)

Birds came from what 2 groups?

dinosaurs and reptiles

Feathers are modified...

scales used for insulation and then flight

Archaeopteryx

transitional organism from reptiles to birds, glider, light skeleton

2 distinguishing factors of birds are

feathers (conserve heat) and flight skeleton (bones thin and hollow)

What is the advantage of air sacs in birds?

Air passes all the way through the lungs in a single direction

Class Mammalia fundamental traits

\-Hair for insulation, camouflage, sensory structure

\-Mammary glands to secrete milk

Other important features in mammals include...

\-endothermy (more efficient circulation and respiration/diaphragm)

\-placenta

\-maternal care

Mammals gave rise to adaptations like

\-specialized teeth

\-digestion of plants

\-development of hooves and horns

hooves

keratin pads

horns

bone surrounded by keratin

antlers

bone but not keratin

Describe a bat's wing

a leathery membrane of skin and muscle stretched over 4 finger bones

Subclasses of mammals

Prototheria and Theria

Prototheria

\-lay shelled eggs

\-one living group (monotremes)

Theria

\n -Viviparous

\-2 living groups (placentals and marsupials)

Monotremes

\n -duck-billed platypus, short nosed echidna, long-nosed echidna)

\-have a cloaca for digestion and reproduction

Marsupials

\-Pouched mammals/egg has no shell

Only marsupial native to North America is the

Virginia Opossum

Eutheria (Placental Mammals)

\-produce a true placenta that nourishes embryo throughout its development, forms from both fetal and maternal tissue, most successful animal

advantage of the placenta

\-provides an interface between the mothers and baby's circulatory systems

\-similar to gas exchange interface found in lungs

What adaptation did primates get from living in an arboreal environment?

Grasping fingers and toes and a flat skull which would decrease peripheral vision but increase depth perception

When did the 2 groups of primates split? (prosimians and anthropoids)

40 MYA

Prosimans

\-paraphyletic group

\-lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

Anthropoids

Diurnal (monkeys, apes, and humans) includes both platyrrhini and catarhini

Arthropoids that remained in _______ gave rise to _______ and __________

Africa; Old World Monkeys and Hominoids

Old world monkeys

baboons, gibbons, and orangutans

\-ground-dwelling

\-nostrils face down, more opposable thumbs

Hominoids

Apes and Humans, have larger brains than monkeys and lack tails

one of the biggest evolutionary differences between apes and hominids is

apes evolved knuckle walking and hominids became bipedal

Because humans are bipedal, they...

have a curved veterbral collumn and carry much of their body weight on their legs

Why did homosapiens survive?

\- larger brain capacity

Who is Lucy?

\-found in the Riff Valley

\-first hominid fossil ever found

Australopithecus

\n -the earliest humanlike creature that flourished in eastern and southern Africa 3 to 4 million years ago

\-bipedal and big toe was set back

chorion

allows O2 to enter

Amonion

fluid filled cavity

yolk sac

The yolk sac is an extra-embryonic membrane that provides food for the embryo.

allantois

excretes waste

Ossicles

calcium rich (calcite) plates

Water-Vascular System

a hydraulic system that aids in movement and feeding

Madreporite

Opening for water entry

Ampulla

Muscular sac for tube feet control

Echinoderms (Starfish)

pentaradial, don’t have a brain, ring system, tube feet, and madreporite

Echinoderm Coelom

Helps provide circulation circulation and respiration trhough extensions called papulae

Echinoderm Reproduction

Asexual through splitting and sexual