Science 3rd trime reviewer

bonding

process where two atoms combine to form new product/s

atom

Small particles of matter

Gilbert Lewis

American physical chemist who devised a system of dots called the Lewis Electron Dot Structure

Valence electron

a single electron or two or more electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Valence electron

Responsible for the chemical properties of the atom

Lewis electron dot structure

uses the symbol of an element and one dot to represent eahc valence electron

Group number

indicates the number of electrons in an element's outermost energy shell

Period number

Indicates the number of shells of an element.

octet rule

According to this during chemical bonding an atom needs to attain eight electrons in its outermost energy level to become stable

Electron affinity

a property that has the ability to accept one or more electrons that greatly influences the chemical behavior of atoms

electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract electrons within molecules(bonded atoms) rather than a free electron

Linus Pauling

introduced electronegativity concept and created the electronegativity chart value

Fluorine

has the highest ability to attract more electrons when bonded

chemical bonding

refers to the formation of a chemical bond between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions to give rise to a chemical compound.

ionic bonding

a bond that involves the complete transfer of valence electron from one atom to another.

electrovalent bond

Another name for an ionic bond

Ionic bonding

generates two oppositely charged ions (metal & non-metal)

covalent bonding

characterized by sharing of electron pairs between two atoms (non-metal & non-metal)

molecular bond

another name for a covalent bond

unshared pairs

nonbonding pairs, also known as lone pairs

bond order

number of bonding pairs of electrons between two atoms

metallic bonding

Responsible for the formation of metals

metallic bonding

all atoms in a small piece of metal share a big pool of valence electrons known as a sea of electrons or delocalized electrons

ions

any atom or molecule w/ a net charge, either positive or negative

cation

ion that carries a positive ions

cation

Produced when one or more electrons are lost from a neutral atom

cation

named by adding "ion" after the name of the parent atom.

anion

A negatively charged ion

Anion

produced when a neutral atom gains one or more extra electrons

Anion

named by taking the root name of the atom and changing the ending w/ ide

Monatomic ion

ion that contains only one type of atom

polyatomic ion

two more types of atoms in the ion

molecule

made up of two or more atoms w/ a definite arrangement that are held tgt by a chemical bond

ionic compounds

products of the formation between a cation and an anion

carbon dating

A technology used by scientists/archeologist to study human activity

organic chemistry

branch of chemistry that deals w/ the study of carbon containing compounds.

organic chemistry

study of properties, compositions, reactions, and preparations.

Friedrich Wohler

1828 german chemist who made urea, an organic substance in the lab using inorganic substance

Valence electron

carbon share limitless

bond length

carbon can form long chains

strength

becuase of the sigma bond

sigma bond

strong bond of the carbon/ if the element has this, it can produce a strong bond

multiple formation

only carbon can form multiple formation

organic compound and inorganic compound

2 types of organic chemistry

catenation

process where the atoms link together

Catenation

ability of carbon atom to form chains and rings by bonding w/ each other through covalent bond

hydrocarbon

An organic compound composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms

hydrocarbon

main energy source and made of straight chains

hydrocarbon

found in root oil, natural gas, and coal and uses gasoline, jet fuel, propane, diesel and kerosene

Isomers

two or more organic compounds w/ the same formulas but have diff arrangements of atoms along the molecules

propanal

used to treat hypertension, severe chest pain, migraine, or thickened heart muscle and heart problem

propanone (acetone)

used as the primary ingredient to make nail polish remover

carbon allotrope

if the structure is spherical

allotrope

refers to one of the 2 or more forms of a chemical element in the same physical state

amorphous and crystalline form

2 categories of allotrope

amorphous

dont have regualar size and shape and fixed melting and boiling points. no definite shape or form

crystalline

atoms are orderly arranged w/ distinct structure and properties

diamond

purest form of carbon and is very rare to find/ hardest substance known on earth

graphite

has a trigonal shape structure from a carbon atom linked w/ three other carbon atoms

graphite

good conductor of heat and electricicty

graphite

most stable allotrope of carbon

Fullerene

made up of abt 30-900 carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds to form a circle

fullerene

appears in the form of a hollow sphere known as buckyballs which can be cylindrical as carbon nanotubes

aromatic hydrocarbons

organic solvent and function to the crucial building blocks in various industries, biological processes, and chemical synthesis

benzene

the primary aromatic hydrocarbon

aliphatic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons based on chains of carbon atoms.

aliphatic hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon consist of a linear or branched, straight chaned, and/or exist in cyclic structure

aliphatic hydrocarbons

function for fuel, solvent, raw materials ( plastic, fibers, and rubbers

aliphatic hydrocarbon

a building blocks of the biological system and the energy source

aromatic hydrocarbons

one of the three classes of compounds found in petroleum/ most contain a benzene or a heterocyclic ring.

alkanes

organic compounds that consist entirely of single covalent bonds/ lack of other functional group

alkanes

called saturated hydrocarbons bcs the carbon atoms present contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that carbon can bond with

methane

simplest alkane, a natural product of bacterial decomposition and other decomposed matter.

alkenes

double bond/ unsaturated hydrocarbons and more reactive than alkanes

Olefins

another name for alkenes

alkynes

organic molecules that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond/ more active than the two

alkynes

also known as acetylemic bond and contain multiple bonds

ethyne

simplest alkyne

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

recommended a set of rules for naming hydrocarbons

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

IUPAC stands for what

nomenclature

process of choosing or naming hydrocarbons or any compound material/ if the compound only consist of hydrogen and oxygen

alkyl group

type of functional group that has a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom are present in its structure

R

symbol used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group which stands for Remainder

parent chain

longest carbon chain

Ethene

simplest molecule in the alkene, commonly known as ethylene

Functional group

atoms or groups of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

halide (halocarbon)

used for photographic films/ solder paste

alcohol

used for cleaning

ethane

strength of carbon

ethanol

best known alcohol that is produced by the fermentation of sugar or starch.

ether

anesthetics/ starting fluid for diesel engine/ one oxygen needed two carbon

aldehyde

perfume ingredients and various industries like plastic/ pharmaceuticals

ketone

alternative fuel source if glucose level is low/blood, brain, etc

organic acid

intermediate in energy production and food preservation

ester

perfume essential, essential oil, food flavoring, cosmetics, etc/ two oxygen and two carbon

organic compounds

characterized by their functional group

atomic mass

mass of atom in amu

mole

pertain to the amount or number of atoms, particles, molecules, or ions in a given substance

mole

counting unit which is equivalent to 6.022x10^23