Comprehensive Study on Motor Control and Motor Learning in Engineering

________________: the control of movement that is already acquired

motor control

___________________________: the acquisition and/or modification of movement, as well as reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury that result in permanent changes for producing skilled action

motor learning

Movement emerges from a complex interaction of perception, cognition, and motor ____________

output

Movement is created from an interaction of the _________________, the ________________, and the ___________________

individual; task; environment

Cognitive, sensory/perception, and Motor/Action make up the

individual

Mobility, postural control, and upper-extremity function make up the

task

Regulatory and nonregulatory make up the

environment

__________________: integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

perception

Sensory provides ______________ about state of the body

information

senses are integral to ability to act effectively within an _______________

environment

Neuromuscular, Biomechanical, Coordination of muscle movements, combination of joint movements, variety of options to create a movement make up the _____________/_____________ Systems

motor/action

________________ systems:

•Attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, sequencing, and emotional aspects of motor control that underlie intent and/or goals

•Essential to motor control

cognitive

___________________ features:

• aspects of environment that shape movement itself; must be interacted with to complete the task

•e.g., size & weight of object to be picked up

regulatory

___________________ features:

•of environment may affect performance, but movement does not have to conform to these features

•e.g., noise or distractions

nonregulatory

________________ movement is constantly changing and unpredictable

ex: playing tennis

open

________________ movement is fixed and predictable

ex: picking up a cup

closed

_________________: undecided end point

ex: walking

continuous

________________: clear end

ex: sit to stand

discrete

________________: non-moving BOS

ex: grooming in sit or stand

stability

________________: moving BOS

ex: pushing a grocery cart

mobility

________________: presence of UE use

manipulation

___________________: absence of UE use

nonmanipulation

Closed or open:

In stand, reach for a can

closed

Closed or open:

In stand, removing an item while others slide forward

open

Closed or open:

Pushing cart down empty aisle

closed

Closed or open:

Pushing a cart down a busy aisle &/or changing surfaces

open

Stability or mobility:

In stand, removing an item while others slide forward

stability

Stability or mobility:

pushing a cart down a busy aisle &/or changing surfaces

mobility

Stability or mobility:

pushing cart down empty aisle

mobility

Stability or mobility:

In stand, reach for a can

stability

__________________: Set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events

theory

______________ theory: movement comes from combination of reflexes; limitation: would always have to have a stimulus and all responses would be the same

reflex

_________________ theory: top down control; limitation: doesn’t explain when reflexes do take over

hierarchial theory

__________________ theory: idea of a central motor plan

motor programming theory

A limitation to the motor programming theory is that it does not consider the ________________ and task demands for which the nervous system adjusts

environment

___________________ theory application: moved rehab to looking at retraining relative to specific tasks

motor programming theory

_________________ theory: hypothesized that you cannot understand neural control of movement without understanding of the system you are moving and the external and internal forces acting on the body

systems

Principle of _____________________: when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way

self-organization

_________________: variables that regulate change in behavior of entire system

control parameters

______________________ theory: new movement emerges because of a critical change in one of the systems’ control parameters – e.g., change the speed or the surface

dynamic systems

____________ theory: variability not considered result of error, but as necessary condition of optimal function

dynamic

In the systems theory, __________ amount of variability indicated high stable behavior

small

___________________: highly stable, preferred patterns of movement

attractor states

limitations of the _____________ theory include: possibly too much focus on the body mechanics, degrees of freedom aspects rather than the role of the nervous system

systems theory

Clinical implications to the systems theory include: Stresses understanding body as mechanical system and the output of the nervous system through the________________ of the body

biomechanics

In the systems theory, you must consider the interaction of both - output of the _____________________ through the biomechanical system

•e.g., asking a person to move slowly may actually interfere with the momentum needed for a movement

nervous system

_________________ theory: focus on how an organism adjusts its output based on the environment

ecological

The limitation of the ecological theory is that emphasis on nervous system to organism/environment interface vs. considering the function of the nervous system in the _______________

environment

Clinical implication of the ecological theory is that it provided needed emphasis on the influence of the _________________________

environment

Is there one theory that is best for motor control?

no

The best theory of motor control is one that ____________ strong elements from all theories presented

combine

•Shumway-Cook & Woollacott ___________________________: movement emerges from interaction between individual, task, and environment in which task is being carried out

•A dynamic interplay b/w perception, cognition, & action

systems approach

___________________: Provides framework that allows integration of practical ideas into coherent philosophy for intervention

scientific theory

____________________ evolves in parallel with scientific theory, as clinicians assimilate changes in scientific theory and apply them to practice

clinical practice

Neurologic Rehabilitation: Reflex-Based Neurofacilitation Approaches:

_______________: retraining motor control through techniques designed to facilitate and/or inhibit different movement patterns

neurofacilitation

Neurologic Rehabilitation: Reflex-Based Neurofacilitation Approaches:

____________: NDT (Neuro-developmental Treatment), PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation), Brunnstrom Apporach, Bobath Approach, Rood Approach, Sensory Integration (Ayres)

Brands

______________________ approach:

•Underlying Assumptions:

•Normal movement interaction among different systems, each contributing aspects of control

•Movement organized around behavioral goal and constrained by environment

•Movement problems result from impairments within one or more systems that contribute to movement & the ability of the other systems to/not to compensate

task-oriented

Clinical applications of the task-oriented approach....

•When retraining movement control, essential to work on identifiable ______________________vs. movement patterns alone

functional tasks

Clinical applications of the task-oriented approach....

•Assumes patients learn by actively attempting to solve problems inherent in a functional task rather than ____________ practice of motor movement

repetitive

Clinical applications of the task-oriented approach....

____________ to change is critical to recovery

adaptation

Clinical applications of the task-oriented approach....

Focus on learning a ___________ of ways to solve a task goal rather than a single-muscle activation pattern

variety