chapter 7: Life Span Development Flashcards

Flashcards covering life span development stages, physical changes, and psychosocial milestones from birth through older adulthood ashood.

Pediatrics

The specialized medical practice devoted to the care of young patients.

Newborn

A person between birth and $1\,month$ of age.

Infant

A person identified as being between $1\,month$ to $1\,year$ of age.

Barotrauma

Pressure-induced trauma to the lungs caused by forceful ventilations and overinflation.

Moro reflex

Commonly called the startle reflex; it is illustrated when newborns are caught off guard and open their arms wide, spread their fingers, and appear to be grabbing for something.

Palmar grasp reflex

Occurs when an object is placed into a newborn's palm and the hand instinctively closes around the object.

Rooting reflex

Displayed when something touches the newborn's cheek and the head intuitively turns in the direction of the touch.

Sucking reflex

Illustrated when a breastfeeding mother strokes the baby's lips with her nipple, prompting the child to latch on.

Fontanelles

Flexible fibrous tissue gaps between the bones of the cranium at birth that allow the head to change shape as it passes through the birth canal.

Passive immunity

Immunity supported by the mother's antibodies delivered through the placenta and further strengthened by antibodies in breast milk.

Bonding

The formation of a close, personal relationship fueled by a secure attachment.

Anxious-avoidant attachment

Result of recurring rejection where infants show little emotional response to caregivers and treat them as strangers.

Separation anxiety

Common in older infants and characterized by clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar places and people.

Trust versus mistrust

A stage of psychosocial development from birth to $18\,months$ where children learn whether they can trust those responsible for their well-being.

Thermoregulation

The body's ability to maintain normal temperature.

Toddler

A child between the ages of $1$ to $3\,years$.

Preschooler

A child between the ages of $3$ to $6\,years$.

Acquired immunity

The development of antibodies resulting from exposure to various viruses and bacteria.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

A psychosocial challenge where caregivers encourage self-sufficiency to develop independence or cause the child difficulty through excessive criticism.

Wong-Baker FACES

A pain rating scale using visual clues that can be helpful when assessing toddlers.

Preconventional reasoning

A type of reasoning where the child's moral compass is directed by external forces like parental discipline or consequences.

Conventional reasoning

A stage where behavior is motivated by the approval of peers, community, and society.

Postconventional reasoning

A stage where moral judgments are abstract and an individual follows an internalized moral compass or conscience.

Self-concept

Our perception of ourselves.

Self-esteem

How we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers.

Adolescent

A person between the ages of $12$ to $18\,years$.

Menarche

The first menstrual bleeding.

Secondary sexual development

The maturation of endocrine and reproductive systems including enlargement of external reproductive organs and growth of pubic and axillary hair.

Early adult

A person classified as being between $18$ to $40\,years$ of age.

Middle adult

A person between the ages of $40$ to $65\,years$.

Menopause

The end of menstruation and the ability to reproduce, typically occurring in the late $40s$ to early $50s$.

Older adult

A person $65\,years$ and older.

Geriatrics

The assessment and treatment of disease in an older adult.

Chronologic age

The number of years a person has been alive.

Functional age

An age based on genetics, lifestyle, and health problems that may interfere with the ability to perform normal tasks.

Ageism

The stereotyping of older people that can lead to poor patient assessment and care.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and calcium along the inner walls of blood vessels resulting in plaque formation.

Vital capacity

The volume of air moved during the deepest inspiration and expiration.

Biphasic sleep cycle

A two-phased sleep cycle common in older adults, such as sleeping from $0100$ to $0600\,hours$ and napping from $1200$ to $1500\,hours$.

Delirium

Sudden confusion resulting from a reversible cause such as infection.

Developmental Considerations in Pediatrics

Pediatric patients have unique anatomical and physiological differences from adults, including smaller airways, greater body surface area, and developmental stages that affect assessment and communication.

Stages of Life Designation

The stages of life are identified as: Infant (1 month to 1 year), Toddler (1 to 3 years), Preschooler (3 to 6 years), School-age (6 to 12 years), Adolescent (12 to 18 years), Early Adult (18 to 40 years), Middle Adult (40 to 65 years), Older Adult (65 years and older).

Newborn and Infant Stages

Newborns and infants show physical growth like weight gain and reflexes, cognitive recognition of caregivers, with health risk signs like poor feeding or lack of alertness, assessed through milestones and vitals.

Toddler Developmental Stages

Toddlers display improved motor skills, early language development, and social interactions, with health risk signs including behavioral changes and unexplained rashes, assessed through play and observation.

Preschooler Developmental Stages

Preschoolers exhibit growth in coordination, imaginative play, and expanded language abilities, with health signs like frequent illness or regression, assessed through interactive methods.

School-age Child Developmental Stages

School-age children show steady physical growth, critical thinking skills, and health risk signs like academic performance changes, assessed through age-appropriate communication and peer interactions.

Adolescent Developmental Stages

Adolescents experience sexual maturation, growth spurts, and the establishment of identity, with risk signs including mental health issues and need for privacy during assessment.

Early Adult Characteristics

Early adulthood is marked by peak physical health and fitness, as well as psychological focus on career establishment, relationships, and family.

Middle Adult Characteristics

Middle adulthood features declines in physical abilities and the onset of chronic diseases, alongside psychosocial challenges like work-life balance and caregiving.

Older Adult Characteristics

Older adults face increased health challenges and reduced physical resilience, with psychosocial aspects including potential social isolation and coping with loss.