Lab 3 (Blood Clotting, White Blood Cells, and Immunity)

Describe the acellular mechanism that promotes blood clotting?

What is the common pathway to promote blood clotting?

• First, Factor X (prothrombin) activates …

• second, Factor II (Prothrombin)

• then Factor II activates Fibrinogen to Fibrin

• then, forms a gel

• next, Factor XIII covalently crosslinks the fibrin, making a stronger clot

What Disorder is associated with the absence of functioning clotting factors?

Hemophilia

How is Hemophilia treated?

is treated by getting a boost of clotting factors by taking a plasma transfusion from another human or taking recombinant clotting factors into the blood stream

What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?

Serum is when the clotting factors are removed from plasma and it doesn’t process the ability to clot

What is Hemostatsis?

is used to stop the blood lose from a blood vessel

What is Clotting Factors?

are proteins and must be carefully controlled so that the proteins don’t turn the fluid into gel

What is Hemophilia?

is a disorder characteristized by modified clotting factors that reduce our ability to clot quickly

What is Plasma Transfusion?

is taking clotting factors from another human

What is Recombinant Clotting Factors?

you put these factors into the blood stream and recombinant proteins are made and released by cells in culture conditions

What is Factor X (prothrombin activator)?

is a protein that activates Factor II a.k.a prothrombin

What is Factor II (Prothrombin)?

thrombin, the active form of prothrombin then activates fibrinogen to fibrin

What is Factor I (Fibrinogen)?

under normal, undamaged conditions, fibrin is a soluble blood protein moving around in the blood in its inactive form

What is Factor XIII?

covalently crosslink the fibrin, making a stronger clot

What is Factor Ia (Fibrin)?

is a active from of the clotting factor and it activated when a group of 12 blood proteins known as clotting factors activate it

What are the two divisions of the immune system?

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What is Autoimmune Disease?

is when the immune systems does attack ‘self’ cells or tissues

What is Type I diabetes?

is when immune system attacks the insulin secreting, pancreatic ß cells

• is a type of autoimmune disease

What is Pernicious Anemia?

immune system attacks parietal cells in the stomach which releases intrinsic factors thus preventing the uptake of vitamin B12

What is Lupus?

is when the immune system loses it ability to distinguish ‘self’ and can mount a defensive attack against many different parts of the body leading to regions of inflammation, pain, and damage

What Innate Immunity?

is generally referred to as the nonspecific divison of the immune system

• barrier to prevent attacks (skin, epithelia, mucus)

• Nonspecific cellular response by different leukocytes (Granulocytes and monocytes)

• Inflammatory response antimicrobial proteins

What is Adaptive Immunity?

involves specific recognition of antigens (molecular markers) on the invader and generation of a defense response targeted against anything with that antigen

What is an Granulocyte?

possess dark staining secretory granules (vesicle) in their cytoplasm

What is a Neutrophils?

•   are the most abundant granulocyte,

• are large cells with multi-lobed nuclei and pink staining (neutral pH),

• are involved with phagocytosis of invaders and endogenous cellular debris

What is an Eosinphils?

• Are smaller with bilobed nuclei and red staining (acidic pH)

•   Are maintained in significantly lower numbers but are upregulated (created in higher numbers) during a parasite invasion

What is a basophils?

Are the least numerous of the granulocytes and their nuclei are generally hidden by the dark blue staining (alkaline pH)

What is Agranulocytes?

do not process dark staining cytoplasmic granules

What is monocytes?

Much like neutrophils, are large phagocytic cells with large “U” – shaped nuclei

What is macrophages?

• Monocytes that leave the circulation and enter tissues develop into macrophages and maintain similar defensive functions

• Can last from months to years

What is Lymphocytes?

• Most abundant agranulocytes and has a round nuclei which take up most of the cellular volume

• Consist of both B-cells and T-cells

What are Plasma B-cells?

secrete large numbers of antibodies

•  Receptor activation by binding to it antigen stimulates to become Plasma B-cells

What are memory B-cells?

  cells that remain and carry the ability to recognize the antigen at a later time

What are T-cells?

use contact-dependent immunity using cell surface receptors similar to antibodies

What are the differences between antibodies and antigens?

• Antibodies are proteins that are made in response to foreign antigens and sometimes by accident in response to ‘self’ antigens.

• While Antigens are usually small regions of foreign proteins, lipids or carbohydrates. Antigens also are on the invader and generation of a defense response targeted against anything with that antigen.

What is Agglutination?

occurs simply by sticking two antigens together from different molecules or cells

What is Neutralization?

occurs by having antibodies coat a toxin or coat an invading pathogen like a bacterium or virus

What is Precipitation?

occurs when a significant amount of antigens and antibodies are cross-linked

What is Identification?

of marked antigens indicates that they are foreign

What are the five categories of antibodies?

• Ig A

• Ig M

• Ig D

• Ig E

• Ig G

Describe the number of antigen binding domains they possess fro Ig A?

has 4  antigen recognitions regions, also have 2 dimmers and 5 pentamers

Describe the number of antigens binding domains they possess for Ig M?

has 4  antigen recognitions regions, also have 2 dimmers and 5 pentamers

Describe the number of antigens binding domains they possess for Ig D?

have two identical, antigen recognitions regions

Describe the number of antigens binding domains they possess for Ig E?

have two identical, antigen recognitions regions

Describe the number of antigens binding domains they possess for Ig G?

have two identical, antigen recognitions regions

What are B-cells?

are responsible for antibody production

What is Cytotoxic T-cells?

use their T-cell receptors to recognize other cells with MHC-antigen complexes on their surface, and mount a direct attack by perforating the membrane of the other cell, leading it to die

What is Helper T-cells?

secretes substance which activates B-cells and other T-cells

What is Regulatory T-cells?

help keep immune system in check and prevent it from causing auto-immune disease

What is Memory T-cells?

like memory B-cells, maintain surface receptors for the identity of the MHC-antigen complex in case it should present itself again

What is Vaccination?

is used to stimulate the human immune system to develop antibodies against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins

What is Immunization?

occurs if the body develops antibodies against the antigens from the vaccine

What are the 8 types of Blood?

• A+

• A-

• B+

• B-

• AB+

• AB-

• O+

• O-

What is needed for A Type?

has A antigens

• If Antigen D present then it positive

• If Antigen D is absence then it negative

What is needed for B Blood Type?

has B antigens

• If Antigen D present then it positive

• If Antigen D is absence then it negative

What is needed for AB Blood Type?

both A and B antigens

• If Antigen D present then it positive

• If Antigen D is absence then it negative

What is need for O Blood Type?

Doesn’t have either A or B antigens

• If Antigen D present then it positive

• If Antigen D is absence then it negative