P1 researchers

Lucas et al

found that conformity was higher in harder maths questions, and in people that perceived themselves to have poor math skills, supporting NSI

asch

• 75% conformed in 1 trial

• gave wrong answer 37%

• one confer reduced by ¼ - unanimity

• task difficulty - isi made increase

• group size - at 3 rose to 32%

zimbardo

• power corrupts

• victims = difficult to stand up

• 90% felt was real

• will conform when put in a role

Milgrim

• 100% to 300v

• 65% to 450v

• in run down building dropped to 47%

• on the phone dropped to 20%

• in same room as victim to 40%

• member of the public to 20%

Hickman

security guard = highest level of obedience

Hofling et al

21/22 obeyed doctors orders

11 were aware of dosage

10 judged safe from doctors word

rank and Jacobson

2/18 administered drug as more knowledge

Adorno

strong correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice

Oliner and Oliner

406 rescued, 126 had not. rescuers more likely to have internal

Twenge et al

more resistant but more external

Holland

37% internals didn’t go to highest shock, 23% externals didn’t.

Moscovici

when all slides green, agreed 8% trials

when 24/36 slides green agreed 1% trials

2/6 participants were confeds

Alan & Levine

conformity decreased when there was a dissenter in an asch -type study

gameson et al

higher levels of resistance than pilgrim, 88% groups of participants rebelled, showing effect of peer support

Nolan et al

significant decrease in energy in group told that most residents were trying to reduce energy

Foxcroft

NSI reduced alcohol quantity but not frequency. may not be long-term changes

Nemeth et al

minority influence effect are likely indirect and delayed

Mackie

majority create deeper processing as we like to believe other share our views

Bashier et al

people resist social change when they agree as they fear peoples perception of them. environmentally friendly = tree hugger

baddely (coding)

immediate recall = worst acoustically similar

after 20 mins = worst semantically similar

Jacobs

mean digit span = 9.3

mean letter span = 7.3

miller

stm capacity = 7±/- 2

chunking = 7

Bahrick et al

15 years = 90% photo and 60% free

48 years = 70% photo 30% free

peterson and peterson

stm haș short duration unless rehearsed for 18-30 seconds

Atkinson and shiffrin

memory made up of sensory register, short-term memory, long term memory. they are formed sequentially and progress in a linear fashion

H.M

retrogade amnesia due to surgery. long term memory was fine, but couldn’t recall a few years before. separate stores

K.F

Stm for digits poor when read to him, but better when he read himself. separate STM for non-verbal sounds

Tulving (LTM)

3 LTM stores, episodic, semantic, procedural

Clive wearing

7 second memory, lost episodic, yet still had procedural and semantic

Tulving (episodic)

it is a specialised subcategory of semantic. you can have fully functioning semantic, with damaged episodic, but not a fully functioning episodic with damaged semantic

Baddely and Hitch

working memory model

baddely (working memory)

when tasks were visual rather than verbal, performance declined. they were competing for the same slave systems

mcgeoch and McDonald

more similar material produces the worst recall. this means interference is worse

Baddely and hitch (interference)

players who played in fewer games recalled more names. recall depended on the number of matches played

keppel and underwood

participants usually remembered the 3 letter, meaningless trigrams they were presented with first.

Tulving (interference)

recall at 70% with original list, but fell with each additional list. with cued recall test rose again to 70%. they were stored in LTM and not completely forgotten

Tulving (retrieval failure)

if a cue is to help with recall it must be present at encoding and retrieval

godden and baddely

recall was 40% lower in non-matching conditions. when external conditions are different, retrieval failure Is worse when external cues are different

Carter and Cassidy

when there was a mismatch between internal state and recall, memory test performance was worse.

loftus and palmer

the harsher the verb, the faster the car was going.

when smashed used, said there was glass

gabbert et al

71% recalled information they had not seen

60% said the girl was guilty when they hadn’t seen her commit the crime

Johnson and Scott

in high anxiety (man with knife), identified man 33% of the time

in low anxiety, 49% of the time

yuille and catchall

accuracy was determined by the number of details ( real-life shooting) those who felt more stressed were more accurate.

fisher and geiselman

series of techniques for the best recall, the cognitive interview.

Feldman and Eidelman

at 3 months interaction is more frequent, and involves close attention

Feldman

reciprocity increases in frequency as they pay closer attention to each other’s signals

brdazelton

revealed 3 phases of play, showing early signs of organised behaviour

meltzoff and moore

babies expressions were more likely to imitate caregiver (early as 3 days old). interactional synchrony is innate

tronick

baby attempts to get interaction back to reciprocal pattern - building blocks of social cognition to plan and execute behaviours

Schaffer

stages of attachment - asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple

Schaffer (father)

75% infants had formed an attachment with father by 18 months

Schaffer and Emerson ( father)

in 30% of cases, father was primary attachment figure

grossman

father’s role was more to do with play and stimulation

Tiffany field

fathers have the potential to be emotion-based but only when given the role of the primary caregiver.

Lorenz

• having biological basis for attachment is adaptive

• critical period for imprinting and it can’t be reversed

• less call for humans to form attachment straight away

regolin and vallortigara

followed the original shape more closely. young animals are born with innate mechanisms to imprint on objects present

harlow

contact comfort is more important than food

early maternal deprivation effects later development

dollard and miller

primary drivers become associated with secondary drivers e.g., emotional closeness

Schaffer and Emerson (counter to learning theory)

the babies main attachment figure was their mother regardless of if she was the one to feed them

russel isabella

high levels of interactional synchrony predicts quality of attachment, not related to feeding.

bowlby (monotrophic)

• survival advantage of attachment = keep the baby close to caregiver

• law of continuity - more constant and predictable care = better

• law of accumulated separation - the safest dose of separation = 0 as all effects add up

bowlby (internal working model)

early attachment forms a mental blueprint of what later relationships are like, and parenting style.

Schaffer and Emerson (monotrophy critique)

minority form multiple attachments first. bowlby may be incorrect that there is unique quality to primary attachment

brazelton et al (social releasers)

when ignored social releasers, babies become increasingly distressed.

Heidi Baylor

mothers with poor attachment to primary attachment figure were more likely to have poorly attached babies.

Ainsworth

strange situation, assessing quality of attachment with predetermined stages

kagan

genetically influenced anxiety levels could account for variations so strange situation may not actually measure attachment.

main and Solomon

fourth category (type d) for babies who have experienced severe neglect or abuse. mix or resistant and avoidant

van ijendoorn and kroonberg

secure attachment in all countries was most common.

• individualistic cultures, resistant was under 14%

• collectivist cultures resistant above 25%

• variations in same country 150% higher than between countries

simonella

in italy 50% kids secure as mothers work longer hours

jin

in Korea, only 1% was avoidant

bowlby (deprivation)

separation only becomes an issue for later development when they are deprived during the critical or sensitive period

bowlby 44 thieves stats

17/44 thieves had early prolongued separation

15/17 classified as emotionless psychopaths

only 2/44 non thieves had prolongued separation

bowlby tuberculosis

60 kids who spent time apart from mothers due to tuberculosis demonstrated lower achievement in school

frederick levy et al

separating baby rats from mothers for a day had a permanent impact on social development, not other development.

twin boys (critical period)

banished to cellar for 5 ½ years. whilst they didn’t achieve physical maturity, they eventually achieved emotional and intellectual normalcy

rutter et al

recovery was related to the age of adoption .

before 6 months IQ = 106

before 2 years IQ = 86

after 2 years IQ = 77

zeanah et al

74% control group = securely attached

19% institutionalised = securely attached

44% institutionalised = disinherited attached

hazan and shaver

findings mirror strange situation = same in adulthood and childhood, supporting strange situation

wilson and smith

bully behaviour predicted by attachment type.

avoidant = victims

resistant = bullies

kerns

insecure attached babies later have friendship difficulties

Bailey et al

majority had the same attachment classification to both their babies and mothers

regensburg study

follows individuals from 1. at 16 assessed, and no evidence of continuity

mowrer

two-process model. initiation = classical conditioning. maintenance = operant conditioning

little Albert

classically conditioned phobia of rats and white fur. avoidance strengthened his fear of them

ellis (cog theory)

irrational thinking as the root cause of maintaining a depressed state. activating events as the trigger

beck (cog theory)

a persons cognitive processing creates a vulnerability

lipsky

ellis’s theory has practical application and face validity

Krantz

depressed women showed more errors in beliefs when asked to interpret written material.

bates

when given negative thought statements became more depressed

clark and beck

meta-analysis of studies relating to cognitive vulnerabilities, showing consistent support

grazioli and terry

women with high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression

John march et al

found CBT was equally as effective as anti depressants, more so when used alongside

shehzah ali et al

42% patients relapsed in 1st 6 months. 53% relapsed within a year

pichichero

kids with strep often displayed symptoms of OCD and Tourettes after becoming infected

fallon and nields

40% contracting limes disease incur neural damage resulting in psychiatric conditions

nestadt

with 1st degree relatives are 6x more likely to develop disorder

lewis

• 37% patients had a parent with ocd

• 21% patients had a sibling with ocd

hu

seretonin is lower in OCD patients

saxena and rauch

neuroimaging found consistent evidence of the relationship between the orbifrontal cortex and OCD