A level Bio - Cell structure

SImilarities between Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic cells

• both contain organelles

• cell surface is called Phospholipid Bilayer → controls passage of substances across exchange surfaces

Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

• prokaryotic → singled celled organisms whereas eukaryotic → complex organisms (larger and more complex)

• Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound organelles

• prokaryotic → binary fission

• eukaryotic → meiosis/mitosis

whats in an animal cell

• mitochondria

• ribosomes

• nucleus

• cytoplasm

• enclosed in a cell membrane

• endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi

• lysomes

whats in a plant/algae cell

all of animal +

• vacuole (repository of cell sap)

• chloroplasts(photosynthesis)

• cell wall - made of cellulose, contains plasmodesmata → cells exchange surfaces

whats in a fungal cell

similar to plant but

• no chloroplasts

• cells walls made from chitin

• also multicellular

ultrastructure of EC - structure + function of nucleus envelope

structure - double membrane structure with pores, both membranes are phospholipid bilayers

function - pores control passage of ions, molecules, RNA between nucleuplasm and cytoplasm

ultrastructure of EC - structure + function of nucleus

structure - nucleoplasm is a semisolid fluid (chromatin + nucleolus are found), eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes made up of DNA

function - controls action of the cell, DNA has instructions for protein synthesis, Ribosomal RNA joined with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble ribosomal subunits,

ultrastructure of EC - structure + function of nucleolus

structure - largest substructure in the nucleus, made of proteins RNA + DNA

function - site at which ribosomes are made,

secondary roles → immobolising proteins, forming signal recognition particles

structure + function of mitochondria

structure - oval + double membraned organelle that has it’s own DNA + each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

the inner layer has folds which are called cristae + area surrounded by the folds is the mitochondrial matrix and contains enzymes for photosynthesis

function - makes ATP through aerobic respiration, (muscle cells have high conc as they are highly active and need energy to keep the body moving )

Structure + function of chloroplasts

structure - double membraned + have their own DNA + Ribosomes

enclosed in the inner membrane are a set of interconnected fluid-filled membrane sacks - thylakoid

a stack of thylakoids is a granum + granae are connected by lamellae(flat thin part of thylakoid membrane + fluid encolosed the membrane is stroma

function - chloroplasts allows plants + algae to make their own food, through a series of reactions that use carbon dioxide, water, light energy to make glucose + oxygen

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

structure + function of Golgi apparatus

structure - series of flattened membranous sacs

function - transport vessicles (made from endoplasmic reticulum) fuse with golgi apparatus + empty proteins + lipids into it’s lumen

proteins + lumen are sorted, packaged + tagged so they can be sent to the right place

structure + function of Golgi vessicles

structure - membrane-bound, fluid filled vessicles in the cytpolasm

small + round and seen in high density near the edge of of golgi sacs

function - transport modified proteins and lipids to target cells from golgi apparatus, specific type is lysosomes and contains an enzyme lysozimes which helps breakdown proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids + old organelles