Skeletal, Muscular, Ventilatory and Cardiovascular Systems

These flashcards cover essential concepts of the skeletal, muscular, ventilatory, and cardiovascular systems related to physical education and sports science.

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, and rib cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).

What are the four types of bones?

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

What is a synovial joint?

A joint that is freely movable and contains synovial fluid in a cavity around the articulating bones.

What are the basic functions of connective tissue?

Connective tissues such as cartilage, ligaments, and tendons provide support, attachment points, and protection.

What is the sliding filament theory?

A theory explaining muscle contraction where myosin filaments slide over actin filaments, shortening the sarcomeres.

What role does acetylcholine play in muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction by transmitting signals from motor neurons to muscle fibers.

What distinguishes fast-twitch fibers from slow-twitch fibers?

Fast-twitch fibers are capable of quick, powerful contractions but fatigue easily, while slow-twitch fibers are more endurance-oriented with a higher resistance to fatigue.

What is the role of hemoglobin in the cardiovascular system?

Hemoglobin is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood, binding with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.

What is the significance of measuring heart rate in exercise?

Measuring heart rate helps monitor exercise intensity and the cardiovascular response to physical activity.

What is the purpose of warm-up exercises?

Warm-ups prepare the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate, body temperature, and muscle elasticity.

What is the principle of progressive overload?

The principle that in order to improve fitness, the training load must be gradually increased over time.

What is the purpose of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)?

The PAR-Q is used to assess an individual's readiness for physical activity and identify any health risks.

What distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic metabolism?

Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen to produce ATP, while anaerobic metabolism does not and results in less ATP and the production of lactic acid.

What are the common tests for assessing muscular endurance?

Common tests include maximum sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and the flexed arm hang.

What is the function of the respiratory system's conducting airways?

They provide a low resistance pathway for airflow, warm and moisten the air, and serve as a defense against harmful substances.

What is the relationship between stroke volume and heart rate during exercise?

During exercise, stroke volume and heart rate increase to meet the higher oxygen demand of the body.

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback in sports performance?

Intrinsic feedback is self-produced and based on the athlete's own sensory experiences, while extrinsic feedback comes from coaches or observers.

How does caloric intake differ for endurance athletes compared to non-athletes?

Endurance athletes typically have higher carbohydrates and slightly higher protein and fat intake compared to non-athletes.

What is the importance of flexibility training in a fitness program?

Flexibility training enhances the range of motion around joints, reducing the risk of injuries and improving overall performance.