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Spartan general who became leader of the allied Greek forces who pressed the Greek assault as far north as Byzantion and as far east as Cyprus. People became suspicious that he might be sympathetic to the Persian cause because:
- Increasingly violent! Becoming vicious as his campaign moved forward
- Worry that he could switch sides to Persian side because power-hungry
- He starts to take on Persian attributes (Starts to wear pants, Takes Egyptian and Persian bodyguards)
- Persian royals under his watch managed to escape
Group of allied forces joined with Athens so-called because their treasury was kept on the island of Delos. Terms included:
- United defense against repeat of Persian invasion
- One vote for each member
- Representatives from each poleis have one vote (over 150 poleis)
- Agree to focus on the navy and sea domination
- Offer tribute to Athens (money, ships, or men for ships)
- Agreement of shared friends and shared enemies
- Athens looks over the treasury and elects treasurers
The Council of 500 whose new duties included:
- Reviewing incoming and outgoing candidates for/of office
- Overseeing construction and management of public buildings
- Assessing readiness of Athenian fleet, ensuring upkeep and construction of ships
- Supervising officials in charge of leases, taxes, and revenues into treasury
- Reviewing number of horses owned by the state
Another Strategos who was also a rival of Kimon. He instituted changes in citizenship, requiring both parents to be from Athens, and reissuing rules about inclusion in the Ekklesia:
- Open to any Athenian male citizen 20+
- Had to perform military service for two years
- Met 40x per year, 4x per month (one meeting of which known as the Kyria Ekklesia)
The Athenian constitution, which at this time, was becoming more egalitarian. It increased the number of men participating in running the Athenian empire (according to Aristotle, up to 700 at one point) and the Athenian fleet (at least 90 triemes at sea at any given time). There was a symbiotic relationship between democracy and the empire that was shown through the “machinery of empire” - namely, those who kept the ships running (harbormasters, ship builders, dock workers, etc.) including oarsmen (needed 150 men per ship, making 13,500 rowers at any time) who by their numbers and position gained power - the politeia engaged all levels of society, including slaves.
A period of peace (treaty) negotiated by Kallias who may or may not be real due to lack of records. Thucydides wrote about this period from his personal perspective, so didn’t include a record of him. But Herodotus does mention him as the ambassador to Persia. The treaty might have been informal - BUT we know Athens stopped going after Persian territory during Periklean Athens
Songs sung in honor of Dionysus that were light-hearted and satirical in content, sung by a chorus of about 50 accompanied by an aulos player. Their origin (in question) is attributed to Arion of Lesbos.
Diminished both roles of chorus and gods, but used deus (man) ex machina (machine), having a god intervene in the end played by a man hooked up to rigging (the machine) and flying over the stage
Defined by Aristotle as the feeling evoked by participating in the “imitation of an action that is serious” that purges the emotions of pity and fear that lie otherwise repressed or under the surface
The 2nd largest Athenian festival held in honor of Dionysus over several days in which processions, sacrifices, libations occur, including a presentation of city beneficiaries, tribute from Athens’ allies, a procession of sons whose fathers died in battle, and several days of theater (dithyramb) contests including comedies, tragedies, and satyr plays
Lenaia
Smaller festival held during the winter that focused on five performances of comedy to begin with, then later added two tragedies. The comedies dealt with the habits and attitudes of the social culture and commented on current events, satirizing well-known figures in a direct manner (like SNL, today).
Aristophanes
A playwright who wrote several plays having to do with current events, including Wasps (a play on professional jurists), Frogs (another tragedy), as well as two plays that were written and performed “too close” to the events of the Peloponnesian War, riling up the audience. He was banished from performing these plays again and fined.
Theater of Dionysus
Located right below the Acropolis, originally made of wood before transitioning to stone. Parts of the theater include the Theatron (audience seats - orchestra area for influential people with reserved seats), Orchestra (front surrounding the stage where chorus was positioned), Thymele (stage), Parados (aisles for chorus and actors to access stage), Proskenium (where actors would produce their lines, Skene (building housing machinery, costumes, etc). During festivals, empire and democracy combine with praise for empire, processions and events that celebrate and commemorate imperial power while also including all social strata who have voting power over plays and an opportunity to be civically engaged.
Area that housed several civic buildings - Source of Athenian pride, showcase of power, and intersection of religion, community, democracy, and empire. Engaged by Perikles to beautify the area and create space for several different segments of society to come together for events, etc., made possible by tributes accumulated through empire.
Phidas
Preeminent sculptor who helped beautify and create sculptures for the Acropolis buildings
First building commissioned by Perikles, constructed from 447-438 BC, and built around the old ruins of the Temple of Athena destroyed during the P. war. Had an ornamental sculpture program and was painted throughout with mythological scenes on the outermost facade, and from the Panathenaic procession on the inner-outer facade. There are no straight lines - optical illusion (see links in lecture slides). Much of the ornamentation has been displayed at the British Museum - there is a current debate around where these items should live (read links provided under “pages” from professor in primary course canvas page)
Pediments
Triangular structures over the building that display carved contests between Athena and Poseidon, and the Birth of Athena in a kind of narrative form
Temple dedicated to Athena Poleis holding a statue of Athena in the East side and Poseidon on the West, and supposedly the site of the mythical founder of Athen’s grave. The temple commemorates Athena as the patron goddess of Athens, and features the Porch of the Karyatids
Porch of the Karyatids
Columns shaped like women on the Erechtheion
Propylaia
Gateway that separates the outer and inner sections of the Acropolis with a staircase, framed by columns that, when inside, offer a view of Salamis (Athenian navy’s big victory). Construction started 437 BC
Temple of Athena Nike
Reconstructed during the Peloponesian war with artwork depicting historical scenes of battles against the Persians in vibrant colors. Priestess oversees who was chosen randomly and receives a salary.
A relief on the Temple of Athena Nike featuring a “wet drapery” technique, specifically used by artists to maintain goddesses modesty while also rendering an anatomically correct human body - a technique shown throughout the Acropolis.
Cella
The innermost part of the Parthenon that houses the Chryselephantine Statue of Athena
Chryselephantine
A mixture of ivory and gold that the Statue of Athena in the Cella was made of. In her hand is the Athena Nike figure symbolizing victory
A small figure representing victory held in the hand of the Chryselephantine statue of Athena in the Cella of the Parthenon.
Segments of Athenian population were not allowed to participate in democracy, namely women, enslaved peoples, and metics (foreign residents). Their perspectives are often silenced in discussions of Athenian society (even today) because so few first-hand accounts exist, and aristocratic men who did write about them often did so through a filtered perspective that had no idea of their true experiences
A female poet from the island of Lesbos who wrote lyrics that portrayed women. Her reach was far - some fragments were recently found in an Egyptian tomb
Pandora
Mythical figure who held a jar encasing all the woes of humankind including danger, diseases, and pain. When she opened the jar, they all flew out...the last to emerge was hope, which can go both ways. She symbolizes the idea that women were created as a punishment for men.
Semonides
A misogynistic writer who categorized women as different types of animals, all explicitly negative with the exception of the bee, which still objectifies women as being created to keep house and birth noble sons
Marriage
Women were kept from public areas and public life, treated as property of their fathers until ownership changed hands to the husband. They were married at 14, their husbands older (30+), and there were no thoughts of her happiness or wishes. There were strict beliefs about the importance of men being heavy-handed with their wives, and stories (Lysias) that warn against being too lax leading to corruption of women as they take other lovers and have illegitimate children. Belief that those children would be the downfall of Athens (and other poleis)
Pornai
Women (and young men) who were considered prostitutes, used for sex and treated as objects for that purpose
The practice of older males partnering with younger males for educational and aspirational purposes. The relationship was sexual (intercrural sex) but once the younger male grew any facial hair the relationship was ended, after which the younger male took on their own younger male to “train”. To continue the relationship was considered shameful (kinaidos)
Erastes
The term given for the older male in the pederastic relationship
Eromenos
The term given for the younger male in the pederastic relationship
Enslaved persons who worked throughout Greece in fields, homes, minds, etc. and guaranteed sources of income for their owners. Often they were the original inhabitants of the land they worked on (like helots). Some (Choris oikuntes) were semi-independent craftsmen who worked to support themselves and their owners, and others (demosioi) were public slaves taken from battles or colonized lands who worked as clerks, secretaries, sweepers, and police.
Foreign residents of Athens who had previously been granted citizenship, but under new rules were relegated in the margins. They needed an Athenian patron, had to register in the deme, and pay an annual tax to live in the city. However, they conducted trade and manufacturing in the port of Piraeus, affecting economic progress and interacting with the military. They also had the responsibilities of citizens without the benefit of citizenship (eg they had to perform in military service) but if they were wealthy, they could offer sponsorships to grow their renown in the city and to themselves
Liturgies
The sponsorships that Metics could offer the cities such as acting as choregos in the theater, trierarch in building up the navy, and gymnasiarch in sponsoring torch runs, etc.
