OMK Block 1 Week 1

The three main factors in the epidemiological triad are host, __, and environment.

Agent (pathogen)

A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected is called __.

Commensalism

A relationship where both organisms benefit is called __.

Mutualism

A relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other is called __.

Parasitism

Two examples of host factors that influence infectious disease development are and .

Immune status; genetic susceptibility

An environmental factor that increases disease transmission could include __.

Climate, sanitation, healthcare access, vector presence

A hospital-acquired infection is called __.

Nosocomial infection

An infection produced by medical intervention is called __.

Iatrogenic infection

An infection that develops in a compromised patient from a normally low-virulence organism is called __.

Opportunistic infection

An infection that produces an immune response without symptoms is called __.

Subclinical infection

An infection that follows a previous infection is called a __ infection.

Secondary infection

A pathogen that lies dormant with no symptoms causes a __ infection.

Latent infection

An animal pathogen that infects humans is called a __.

Zoonosis

A disease constantly present in a geographic area is __.

Endemic

A disease with a sudden local outbreak above expected levels is an __.

Epidemic

A worldwide epidemic is called a __.

Pandemic

Two or more epidemics interacting synergistically are called a __.

Syndemic

Name one example of direct pathogen transmission.

Touch, respiratory droplets, sexual contact, animal bites, vertical transmission

Name one example of indirect pathogen transmission.

Fomites, food/water, vector-borne, airborne

Vector-borne transmission where the pathogen does not replicate in the vector is called __ transmission.

Mechanical

Vector-borne transmission where the pathogen replicates in the vector is called __ transmission.

Biological

Prokaryotes have ribosomes, while eukaryotes have ribosomes.

70S; 80S

Viruses have genomes made of or , but never both.

DNA; RNA

The protein shell around a viral genome is called the __.

Capsid

The two main capsid symmetries in viruses are and .

Icosahedral; helical

A virus that has a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane is described as __.

Enveloped

Name the 7 basic steps of viral replication in order.

Attachment -> Penetration -> Uncoating -> Transcription/Translation -> Genome replication -> Assembly -> Release

A viral genome that integrates into host DNA and remains dormant is part of the __ cycle.

Lysogenic

A viral replication cycle that immediately produces new virions and lyses the cell is the __ cycle.

Lytic

Negative-sense RNA viruses must carry a __ in their virion to replicate.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

During budding, viruses acquire their __ from the host cell.

Envelope

Three possible ways viruses cause host damage are __, __, and __.

Direct cytopathic effect; immune-mediated damage; oncogenesis

The spread of virus in the blood is called __.

Viremia

Rapid onset and resolution of infection (e.g., norovirus) is an __ infection.

Acute

Dormant infection with possible reactivation (e.g., HSV) is a __ infection.

Latent

Ongoing replication of a virus in the host (e.g., Hepatitis B) is a __ infection.

Chronic

Which viral exanthem starts on the face, spreads to the body, and presents with Koplik spots?

Measles (Rubeola)

Which viral exanthem is caused by parvovirus B19 and produces a “slapped cheek” rash?

Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

Which viral exanthem presents with high fever followed by a rash that begins on the trunk?

Roseola (HHV-6)

Which viral exanthem is characterized by vesicular lesions in different stages of healing?

Varicella (chickenpox)

The most important immune mechanism preventing reinfection with varicella-zoster virus is long-lived __.

Plasma cells producing IgG antibodies