apush thingies

A US defense strategy that let the president choose from both military and nonmilitary options when responding to an emergency.

JFK's "Flexible Response"

An area in Cuba that experienced an unsuccessful invasion performed by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro.

Bay of Pigs

An event in which missiles placed by the Soviet Union in Cuba were uncovered by the United States, leading to the two forces nearly entering nuclear war

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A meeting between Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy, the Cold War Leaders.

The 1961 Vienna Summit

the political slogan that US President John F. Kennedy used to depict the aims and practices of his administration, pushing the American people to rise to new challenges.

The "New Frontier"

An agency established by President John F. Kennedy in order to promote world peace and allyship through global service.

The Peace Corps

a diplomatic initiative by President John F. Kennedy that focused on promoting economic cooperation & social reform in Latin America

Alliance for Progress

An investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy

The Warren Commission

The term for the unseen impoverished population in the United States that were largely disregarded by the policymakers and mainstream society.

The Other America

A group of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the goal of terminating racial injustice and poverty while encouraging civil rights and social welfare

The "Great Society" Key Parts

A book by Ralph Nader that attacked the American auto industry for its dangerous products.

Unsafe at Any Speed

The period in which Earl Warren served as the Chief Justice of the United States' Supreme Court, from years 1953-1969

The Warren Court

(Baker V Carr, Mapp V Ohio, Gideon V Wainwright, Escobedo V Illinois, Miranda V Arizona)

A book by Rachel Carson that sparked a movement of environmental protection.

Silent Spring

Supreme Court case that ruled school segregation as unconstitutional

Brown V Board of Education of Topeka

African American child who was murdered for the supposed teasing of a white store clerk.

Emmet Till

A group of black students were denied entry into Little Rock Central High School, facing opposition from white mobs and the national guard.

The Little Rock Crisis

-Black woman taken to jail for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man in an Alabama city.

-Because of her unfair arrest, this person began a bus boycott in that city.

Rosa, Martin, and Montgomery

An African American civil rights organization led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr that used nonviolent protest.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Organization created by black college students who practiced nonviolent direct protest to challenge racial segregation.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

African Americans would go to segregated institutions and refuse to leave despite being denied service due to their race.

"Sit-Ins"

An interracial group of civil rights activists who rode interstate buses across the South to bring attention to their cause.

The Freedom Riders

The first African American to attend the University of Mississippi.

He was shot in a civil rights march.

James Meredith

A sherriff in an Alabama city who ordered violence upon civil rights protesters. In this area this sheriff arrested Martin Luther King

1963 Birmingham & Bull Connor

Speech by Martin Luther King during the March on Washington that depicted an optimistic future of racial equality.

"I have a dream" speech

An act prohibiting segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

A campaign encouraging Black people in Mississippi to register to vote.

"Freedom Summer" of 1964

Protests against restricting the voting rights of black people involving a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.

The Selma March

Act that prohibited racial discrimination in voting.

The voting rights act of 1965

A series of violent confrontations between Watts civilians and the Los Angeles police, sparked over the allegedly violent arrest of African American Marquette Frye, a drunk driver.

The Watts Riot of 1965

-An organization promoting Black nationalism and empowerment.

-A prominent figure of this organization used his platform there to advocate for civil rights, before eventually leaving the group.

Malcolm and the Nation of Islam

A popular and controversial civil rights activist who popularized a phrase calling for black self-reliance rather than integration.

Stokely Carmichael and "Black Power"

An organization that fought racial injustice in a confrontational manner.

The "Black Panthers"

Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated.

1968 Assassinations

An investigation launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson as an immediate reaction to the riots of racial unrest occurring in American cities.

The Kerner Commission

Policies and practices that aim at boosting opportunities for historically marginalized groups.

Affirmative Action

the nationalist and communist leader in North Vietnam, who fought for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule

Ho Chi Minh

A battle that marked the end of French colonial control in Indochina, markedly in Vietnam

Dien Bien Phu

If one country or region falls to communism, its neighbors will as well.

The "Domino Theory"

Anti-communist politician supported by the United States, was the leader of South Vietnam.

Ngo Dihn Diem

The communist guerilla force in North Vietnam.

Vietcong

A congressional resolution that authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to take military action in Vietnam without a formal declaration of warfare.

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Citizens began to be skeptical of the government due to discrepancies between official government reports of the Vietnam War and the actual events of the war.

The "Credibility Gap"

-A political and social movement that arose in the 1960s, with many young people advocating for civil rights, social justice, & anti-war sentiments (particularly against the Vietnam war)

-An American student organization known for its activism against the Vietnam War

-A student-led protest against the University of California's restriction of free-speech rights on campus

The "New Left" (SDS & FSM)

(students for democratic society & free speech movement)

The animal names for the supporters and opposers of the Vietnam war.

Hawks & Doves

The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong's attack on South Vietnam during the Tet holiday, when the South was celebrating and not expecting an attack.

The "Tet" Offensive

A political event that faced chaotic protests from people in opposition of the Vietnam War.

The 1968 Democratic Convention

Richard Nixon was elected in this election.

The 1968 election

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending US involvement in the Vietnam War by transferring the responsibility of combat operations to the South Vietnamese Army.

"Vietnamization"

The person who served as National Security Advisor and later as Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon. He helped shape US foreign policy during the Cold War.

Henry Kissinger

Occurrence in the Vietnam War in which a group of American soldiers tortured, raped, and/or murdered hundreds of civilians in a South Vietnamese village.

The My Lai Massacre

Tensions rose in campuses across the country due to President Richard Nixon expanding the Vietnam War to Cambodia, leading to the massacre of 4 students by National Guardsmen at a university.

Kent State

A detailing of US political and military involvement in Vietnam; exposed that the government had been misleading the public about those events.

The Pentagon Papers

An act that limits the US president's ability to deploy troops without the consent of Congress.

The War Powers Act

The non-violent leader of a labor union representing mostly Latino agricultural workers

Cesar Chavez & The UFW

(united farm workers)

An indigenous activist who founded an organization that advocated for Native rights

Dennis Banks & A.I.M.

(american indian movement)

A book by Betty Friedan that challenged the traditional roles of women in traditional society.

The Feminine Mystique

A feminist organization advocating for women's rights and gender equality

NOW (National Organization for Women)

A woman who was a journalist, feminist, and political activist.

Gloria Steinem

A Supreme Court Case that established a woman's legal right to have an abortion under the right to privacy.

Roe v. Wade

Conservative woman who argued AGAINST feminism, abortion, and gay rights.

Phyllis Schlafly

A social movement that actively rejects and opposes the dominant cultural norms and values of society.

The Counterculture

A neighborhood in San Francisco that became the epicenter of the counter-culture movement

Haight-Ashbury

The American artist who led the pop-art movement

Andy Warhol

Two leading folk singers that used their songs to express explicit political radicalism

Joan Baez & Bob Dylan

A musical festival that became a defining moment for the youth culture of the era. It symbolized the counterculture movement.

The 1969 Woodstock Festival

A series of violent confrontations that occurred between police and LGBTQ+ rights activists

The 1969 "Stonewall Riots"

A political philosophy that aims to shift power and responsibility from the national government toward state governments.

Nixon's "New Federalism"

A Supreme Court case that reinforced the commitment to desegregation following the ruling of Brown V. Board of Education

Swann V Charlotte-Mecklenburg

The simultaneous occurrence of stagnant economic growth, and high levels of unemployment and inflation.

"Stagflation"

A conflict that erupted between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Syria and Egypt.

Due to this war, the Arab states of an oil cartel placed an oil embargo on any country allied with Israel.

The Yom Kippur War & OPEC

(the organization of the petroleum exporting countries)

The reduction of Cold War tensions to preserve peace and safety.

Détente

negotiations between the US and the Soviet Union to place limits on nuclear weaponry.

"S.A.L.T." (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

A fundraising group that used illegal methods to help President Nixon stay in power.

Watergate's CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)

Two reporters credited for uncovering the Watergate scandal.

Woodward & Bernstein

Nixon tape recorded all his meetings and telephone conversations, which exposed some of his scandalous acts.

Nixon's "tapes"

During the Watergate scandal, President Nixon ordered the firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox.

Two attorneys refused to carry out Nixon's order and resigned in protest.

Public outrage arose over Nixon's actions.

The "Saturday Night Massacre"

The very controversial decision to pardon Richard Nixon.

The "Pardon"

An economic program created by President Gerald Ford to combat inflation.

"W.I.N." (Whip Inflation Now)

Agreement signed by President Gerald Ford, which aimed to improve relations between the US and the Soviet Union.

The Helsinki Accords

A tense occurrence at the end of the Vietnam War in which the Cambodian navy stole a US ship. The US sent a rescue team to retrieve the ship.

The Mayaguez Affair

President Jimmy Carter's speech that criticized the "consumption" and "self indulgence" of Americans.

Carter's "Malaise" Speech

A Supreme Court case that declared the use of racial quotas in admission processes as unconstitutional

The Bakke Case

Treaties passed by President Jimmy Carter that called for the American government to give up control of a canal.

The Panama Canal Treaties

The SALT II agreement failed to be ratified.

SALT II Collapse.

A series of agreements between Israel and Egypt arranged by U.S. President Jimmy Carter

The Camp David Accords of 1978

A defining moment in Jimmy Carter's presidency in which Iran took 52 Americans hostage.

The Iran-Hostage Crisis

A partial meltdown of a reactor occurred at a nuclear generating station

"Three-Mile-Island"

A prominent political organization that aimed to mobilize conservative Christians to participate in political activism and influence American politics based on traditional moral principles.

The Moral Majority

The economics policies implemented by President Ronald Reagan during the 80s . It worked to stimulate economic growth by reducing taxes and government regulation.

"Reaganomics"

A conceptual missile defense system announced by President Ronald Reagan. It would utilize advanced tech and space-based systems.

S.D.I. (Strategic Defense Initiative)

The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the US.

Sandra Day O' Connor

The reduction of government regulation in the market

deregulation

the first woman nominated for vice president by a major US political party

Geraldine Ferraro

Mikhail Gorbachev's Russian term for openness.

Mikhail Gorbachev's Russian term for restructuring

"Glasnost" & "Perestroika"

an agreement between the US and the Soviet Union to get rid of all their intermediate range and shorter range land-based missiles

The I.N.F Treaty

(Intermediate Nuclear Forces)

A US-led military invasion of a Caribbean area in order to overthrow the Marxist rule of Maurice Bishop

The Grenada Invasion

A political scandal in the United States involving the secret sale of weaponry to Iran in order to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua, defying congressional barring.

The Iran-Contra Scandal

The promise of George H.W. Bush's 1988 president campaign.

"Read My Lips" (No New Taxes)

The second black justice to serve on the Supreme Court. He was nominated by George H.W. Bush

Clarence Thomas

A military campaign by the United States to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation

Operation "Desert Storm"