Chapter 20 - phylogenetic trees

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27 Terms

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rate of evolutionary change
1 base per 25 million years
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total time of divergence

number of differences x mutation rate

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time since divergence
total time of divergence/2
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taxonomy
the study of classifying lfie
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binomial naming
genus, species
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taxonomic order

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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taxon
any group on the hierarchy
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branch point
where species diverge
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evolutionary lineage
a sequence of organisms leading to a specific descendant, represented by the branches
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sister taxa
shares an immediate ancestor not shared by any other group
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rooted
represents the mcra of all taxa in the tree
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basal taxon
a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group
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analogy
similarity due to convergent theory
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homology
similarity due to ancestry
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systematics
study of the diversity of life
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cladistics
using clades to approach systematics
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clade
a branch that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants
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monophyletic clades
one common ancestor and all of its descendants from one branch point
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paraphyletic ancestor
sister taxa + nonsister from the same branch
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polyphyletic
includes taxa from different branches
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shared ancestral character
a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
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derived ancestral trait
those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor
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outgroup
closely related but not part of the group of species being studied
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ingroup
species being studied
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maximum parsimony
applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps
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molecular clock

uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny and rate of evolutionary change

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rate of evolutionary change
1 base per 25 million years