Matter, Measurements, and Chemical Principles

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering introductory chemistry topics including matter, measurements, atomic theory, bonding, redox reactions, acids/bases, solutions, and basic organic chemistry.

How is matter defined in the lecture notes?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume (space).

What is the difference between physical properties and chemical properties?

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material, while chemical properties determine how a substance can be converted to another substance.

What characterizes a pure substance compared to a mixture?

A pure substance is composed of a single component and has a constant composition, while a mixture is composed of more than one component and its composition can vary.

Define an element and a compound.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction; a compound is formed by chemically combining two or more elements.

What are the six steps of the Scientific Method outlined in the notes?

1. Make an Observation, 2. Ask a Question, 3. Make A Hypothesis, 4. Conduct an Experiment, 5. Draw Conclusions, 6. Report Your Results.

In the metric system, what does the prefix kilo- signify?

$1,000$ times as large (e.g., $1\,km = 1,000\,m$).

What is the general formula for scientific notation?

$y \times 10^{x}$, where $y$ (the coefficient) is between $1$ and $10$, and $x$ is an exponent.

What is the physical property of Density and its common units?

Density relates the mass of a substance to its volume; it is reported in $g/mL$ or $g/cm^{3}$. The formula is $\text{Density} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}}$.

What are the three temperature scales and the formula to convert Celsius ($^{\circ}C$) to Fahrenheit ($^{\circ}F$)?

Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. The formula is $^{\circ}F = 1.8(^{\circ}C) + 32$.

Define Atomic Number ($Z$) and Atomic Mass ($A$).

Atomic Number ($Z$) is the number of protons in an atom; Atomic Mass ($A$) is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Who was the Russian chemist that created the first generally accepted periodic table in 1869?

Dmitri Mendeleev.

What are the three types of subatomic particles and their charges?

Proton (positive), Electron (negative), and Neutron (neutral).

How many electrons can the first, second, third, and fourth shells hold?

First shell: $2$; Second shell: $8$; Third shell: $18$; Fourth shell: $32$.

What is the Octet Rule?

Main group elements tend to undergo reactions that leave them with $8$ valence electrons.

Distinguish between a cation and an anion.

A cation is a positively charged ion formed by losing electrons; an anion is a negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

What is an ionic bond?

The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charge in a crystal.

Define a covalent bond and a molecule.

A covalent bond is formed by sharing electrons between atoms; a molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

A covalent bond that forms when both electrons in the shared pair are donated by the same atom.

In Redox reactions, what do the mnemonics OIL and RIG stand for?

OIL: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons); RIG: Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

Which substance is the reducing agent in a redox reaction?

The substance that loses one or more electrons, undergoes oxidation, and causes reduction in another species.

What are common alternative names for kidney stones?

Renal Lithiasis, Renal Calculi, and Nephrolithiasis.

According to the Br hnsted–Lowry definition, what are acids and bases?

An acid is a proton ($H^{+}$) donor; a base is a proton ($H^{+}$) acceptor.

What is the pH scale range and the value for a neutral solution?

The scale ranges from $0$ to $14$; a pH of $7$ is neutral.

Define a colloid and a solution based on particle size.

A colloid contains particles between $2.0$ and $500\,nm$; a solution contains particles smaller than $2.0\,nm$.

What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic dissolution in hot/cold packs?

Exothermic dissolution (hot packs) releases heat and warms the solution (e.g., $CaCl_{2}$); endothermic dissolution (cold packs) absorbs heat and cools the solution (e.g., $NH_{4}NO_{3}$).

What is the formula for Mass/Volume percent $(m/v)\%$ concentration?

$$(m/v)\% = \frac{\text{Mass of solute (g)}}{\text{Volume of solution (mL)}} \times 100\%$$

What does it mean for carbon to be tetravalent in organic chemistry?

Carbon always forms four bonds to achieve an octet.

How are carbon atoms classified in organic molecules?

Primary ($1^{\circ}$) bonds to one carbon, Secondary ($2^{\circ}$) bonds to two carbons, and Tertiary ($3^{\circ}$) bonds to three carbons.

What is a functional group?

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic physical and chemical behavior.