Job design + managing people (8)

Multiskilled jobs

low volume MPO and CPO process types and layouts

Standardised (specialised) task jobs

high volume MPO and CPO process types and layouts

Division of labour of resources

the need for economic progress (takes away soul of the job = lacks motivation = waste efficiency) emphasis on manager control

Scientific management

standardisation of processes (reduces waste but too controlling of people)

Ergonomic design

increases efficiency by prioritising wellbeing care for employees, innovating healthier work lives. inbetween manager control and employee involvement emphasis.

Behavioural aspects

how the people should behave (as an element of job design)

Physical effect on work

motivated enough to do the work?, out of happiness or need? (as an element of job design)

Skills variety

job design characteristic - use of different skills and abilities (some interpersonal)

Task identity

job design characteristic - know why they are doing the task, completing whole identifiable piece of work

Task significance

job design characteristic - consequence of not performing task, impact interally and externally to the operation

Autonomy

job design characteristic - making small but effective decisions, exercise choice, discretion and judgement.

Feedback from job

job design characteristic - information on performance from job itself

Hackman and Oldman 1980 - Job characteristics theory

Skills variety, task identity and task significance contribute immensely to motivation as it creates meaningful work and sense of responsibility so high work efficiency

Job rotation

employee changing job roles with another on a periodic basis

Job enlargement

Horizontal integration of tasks by increasing number of tasks in the same role ( 3 main charactertistics) e.g. different contexts

Job enrichment

Vertical integration of tasks including autonomy and feedback to give more responsibility or decision-making

Job empowerment

(Extension of Autonomy), Organisations that give employees more autonomy, discretion and responsibility in impactful decision making - relevant to CPO professional services

Poor job design impacts

Productivity

health and safety

Quality of working life

Employee satisfaction

Poor job design impacts (OQ,OW)

Quality

Speed

Dependability

Flexibility

Cost

Maslow 1943 - Motivation hierarchy of needs

Biological + physiological needs -> Safety needs -> Belongingness + love needs -> Esteem needs -> Self-actualization (all needs to be met to motivate employees)

Herzbergs 1959 - 2 factor motivation theory

Adds hygiene or maintenance factors to Maslows theory. If hygiene is poor, it affects the rest of job satisfaction.

How HRM supports

Considers skills and experience across the organization

Carry out gap analysis (surveys) for organizations needs and current postion

HRM influence

organisations approach to: recruitment and selection, training and development, career paths and health and safety

What is culture?

'Structure defines culture', shared vakues, beliefs and norms infleunce how employees think, feel and act (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010)

Values

(Element of culture) - semse of common direction, linked to how companies aim to achieve success. Espoused values - declared set of norms/moral important to organisation.

Heroes/Heroines

(element of culture) - dominant figures in the company E.g. Richard Branson (Virgin)

Importance of culture

affects strategy

affects individuals

difficult to change

supports or hinders organisational effectiveness

Power culture

revolves around person or group with a central power source under a leader, usually in small firms. organisation as culture

Role culture

Each person being a pillar in stabilising their own departments in the operation, usually functional or divisional organisation layout, organisation as machine.

Task culture

problem-solving groups selected for projects, matrix structures, organisation as the brains

Person Culture

support individualprofessions E.g. Doctor, lots of people needed, organisation as organisms