Anatomy & Physiology First Semester Final

Water-soluble hormones (proteins and peptide hormones) activate target cells using...

second-messenger system

What hormone promotes the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones?

Growth Hormone (GH)

What hormone stimulates development of follicles in female ovaries and sperm development in male testes?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ______ and ______, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

oxytocin; ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Cortisone and cortisol are types of _____ produced by the middle cortical layer of the adrenal gland

glucocorticoids

What hormone prevents the release of aldosterone in order to reduce blood volume and blood pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide

When you are frightened by a big, barking dog you experience...

increased alertness; dilation of lung passageways; increased heart rate

What hormone plays a role in rhythmic sleep and wake cycles?

melatonin

What hormone is essential for the development of T cells?

thymosin

What hormone is checked for in home pregnancy tests in the female's urine?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

In the second-messenger system, what serves as the first messenger?

the hormone

Which statement is true about most hormones?

released upon stimulation by other hormones

Which stimulus operates when the concentration of ions/nutrients in the blood has changed?

humoral

Which stimulus secretes hormones to stimulate other endocrine gland(s)?

hormonal

Which stimulus uses nerve fibers to stimulate hormone release?

neural

What is the function of tropic hormones?

stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus influence the activities of the...

anterior pituitary gland

Which hormone is known as vasopressin by causing constriction of arterioles?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which two hormones play a role in breastfeeding for mothers?

prolactin; oxytocin

What hormone promotes normal cell metabolism and helps the body resist long-term stressors?

glucocorticoids

What hormones regulate calcium levels in the body?

calcitonin; PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

What hormone increases calcium levels in the body?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

insulin

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids?

regulate salt content in blood

What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine?

Thyrotropic hormone/thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What hormone promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys to increase blood volume?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

gland that produces thymosin

thymus

gland that is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism

thyroid gland

gland that produces melatonin

pineal gland

gland that produces oxytocin/ADH

posterior pituitary gland

gland that hangs from a stalk from the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

gland that produces insulin/glucagon

pancreas

gland that is responsible for blood calcium homeostasis

parathyroid glands

gland that produces testosterone

testes

gland that produces catecholamines

adrenal glands

female glands that are stimulated by FSH and LH

ovaries

What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine?

nephron

Filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by the...

bowman's capsule

process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from blood and places them into the nephron for removal

tubular secretion

Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma EXCEPT for...

blood proteins

Substances intended for tubular reabsorption travel from the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule next to the...

peritubular capillaries

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the...

collecting duct

What is the name of the involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed?

internal urethral sphincter

The inability to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter is known as...

incontinence

The process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding or...

micturition

The bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of a specialized mucosa called...

transitional epithelium

Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys?

produce hormones that assist in digestion

Which organ filters blood, regulates blood volume and chemical makeup?

kidney

Items in the blood that are NOT filtered will travel from the glomerulus to the...

efferent arteriole

Starting from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is...

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted

What blood vessel carries blood from the aorta into the kidney?

renal artery

The smooth triangular region of the bladder base that is outlined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra...

trigone

The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called..

glomerular filtration

The highest concentration of urea should be found in the...

urine

Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions?

urea

Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?

creatinine

Tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urethra

Tube that drains urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

ureter

Cup-shaped extensions of the pelvis that enclose the tips of the renal (medullary) pyramids

calyces

Outer, lighter region of the kidney

renal cortex

Cortex-like extensions that separate the renal (medullary) pyramids

renal columns

Darker, reddish-brown region that is deep to the cortex

renal medulla

Flat, basin-like cavity medial to the renal hilum of the kidney

renal pelvis

Endocrine gland that sits atop each kidney

adrenal gland

Muscular sac suitable for temporary urine storage

urinary bladder

Triangular regions with a striped appearance present in the medulla

renal pyramids

elimination of substances

secretion

reclaims substances

reabsorption

What process reclaims water, glucose, and amino acids?

reabsorption

What process eliminates H+ ions, K+ ions, and creatinine?

secretion

Secretion uses what type of transport?

active transport

Reabsorption uses what type of transport?

active, but sometimes passive

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are the fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area?

villi

Bile is formed by the ____ and stored in the ____.

liver; gallbladder

Which sphincter operates under voluntary control?

external anal sphincter

Which sphincter can contribute to heartburn?

cardio-esophageal sphincter

The energy value of foods is measured in units called…

kilocalories

What are the three main metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What protects the anterior opening of the mouth?

labia

What region is the terminal part of the stomach?

pylorus

What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?

absorption of nutrients

Which one of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine?

duodenum

What is the purpose of mastication?

chew, grind and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth

What ceramic-like substance covers the crown of a tooth?

enamel

The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called...

incisors

Where does protein digestion begin?

stomach

Where does starch digestion begin?

mouth

The process of swallowing is also known as…

deglutition

Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver?

add ammonia to the blood

Trypsin breaks down which nutrient?

protein

Lipase breaks down which nutrient?

fat

Nuclease breaks down which nutrient?

nucleic acids

Amylase breaks down which nutrient?

starch

Rennin breaks down which nutrient?

milk proteins

Enzymatic reactions that hydrolyze food particles into their building blocks

digestion

placement of food into the mouth

ingestion