Exam 3, Type questions

chapters 6, 7, and 8

Describe in detail four important functions of bone.

Support: bones provide framework that supports the body

Protection: Fused skull bones protect the brain

Anchorage: skeletal muscles attach to bone

Mineral storage: bones stores calcium and phosphate

Blood cell formation: Hematopoiesis in the red bone marrow

Fat storage: yellow bone marrow stores fat for energy

hormone production: produces osteocalcin

Support: bones provide framework

Protection: hard bones protect organs, like ribs protect lungs and heart

Mineral storage: stores calcium and phosphate

Blood cell formation: Red bone marrow = hematopoiesis

Compare and contrast the gross anatomy of spongy and compact bone. Use the terms trabeculae, endosteum, periosteum, red marrow, and yellow marrow in your answer

Spongy: trabeculae, red bone marrow, endosteum

Compact: yellow bone marrow, periosteum, smooth and solid

Name and describe the function of the five types of cells found in bone tissue.

1. Osteoprogenitor: active stem cells

2. osteoblast: produce bone matrix

3. osteoclast: reabsorb bone

4. osteocyte: Maintain bone matrix

5. bone lining cells: flat cells on bones surface where bone remodeling does not happen, helps maintain matrix

Compare and contrast intramembraneous and endochondral ossification. Specifically, from what type of cartilage or membrane does bone develop in each process? These processes form which bones found in the body? Also, name one feature that is similar and one which is different for each process.

Intramembranous: develops from fibrous membrane, skull, after being born

Endochondral: replaces hyaline cartilage, all bones below base of skull except clavicles, before you are born

What two processes are involved in bone remodeling, and what cells are involved in each process? Describe the two control loops which serve as “masters” for the bone modeling which continuously occurs in the body.

Bone resorption: osteoclasts break down bone

Bone Deposition: osteoblasts secrete new bone matrix

Hormonal and mechanical

Describe the four major stages involved in the repair of a simple fracture. Use the terms bony callus, fibocartilaginous callus, and hemotoma in your answer.

1. hematoma: Blood spills and clots

2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms: New blood vessels form into the clot

3. Bony callus forms: Osteoblasts form new spongy bone

4. Bone remodeling occurs: bony callus is remolded

Describe the two divisions of the cranium and describe four functions of facial bones.

Cranium: Base holds brain and Vault protects brain

1. secure the teeth

2. form the framework of the face

3. provides opening for the passage of food and air

4. Anchors facial muscles that show emotion

Name the four curvatures of the vertebral columns in order, from superior to inferior, and the number of bones in each region. Which curvatures concave posteriorly, and which convex posteriorly? What function does this serve?

Cervical: 7, concave

Thoracic: 12, convex

Lumbar: 5, concave

Sacral: 1, convex

Flexibility and resilience

Among the twelve pairs of ribs, name which are “true” ribs and which are “false” ribs, and explain what this means.

1-7 are true because they connect to the sternum.dirrect attachment to sternum

8-12 are false because they are not directly attached to sternum and some ribs are floating

What are the two bones found in each pectoral girdle? Relate the structure of these bones to the function of the girdle.

Clavicle and scapula

Clavicle braces support the upper limb

Scapula: partially open cavity allows for flexibility at the cost of Stability

Name the bones of the upper limb and describe their location and number. (Word bank: phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, ulna, humerus, arm, radius, hand, forearm)

1 Humerus (Arm)

Medial Ulna and lateral radius

8 carpals (wrist)

5 metatarsals (palms)

14 phalanges (fingers)

Name the bones of the lower limb and describe their location and number. (Word bank: leg, phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, femur, patella, foot, thigh, fibula, kneecap, tibia)

1 Femur bone (thigh),

1 Patella anterior (kneecap),

Tibia medial and fibula lateral (leg),

7 Tarsal bones (ankle),

5 metatarsals (foot),

14 phalanges (toes)

Name and describe the three structural classifications of joints and give an example of where each is found in the body. (HINT: material)

Fibrous: collagen fibers short,sutures

Cartilaginous: cartilage synchondrosis, ankle

synovial: articular cartilage, ball and socket

Name and describe the three functional classifications of joints and give an example of where each is found in the body. (HINT: movements)

Amphiarthorsis: move a little like pelvic symphesis

Synthrosis: dont move at all liek sutures

diathrosis: synovial joints that move freely, ball and socket